Modern methods of laboratory diagnosis of diseases can reliably establish a diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment. In gynecology, histological examination is widely used to determine malignant tumors and diseases of the genitourinary system. With the help of analyzes, the doctor will establish not only the existing pathology, but also identify vulnerabilities. This will help to correctly predict the further course of the disease and determine the effective treatment tactics. The most commonly performed uterine histology. The neck, inner (endometrium) and middle (myometrium) layers of the organ are subjected to this procedure.
The main organ of the female reproductive system is the uterus. It is she who is responsible for the reproductive function of the woman’s body. In the structure of this genital area, the bottom, body and neck are distinguished. In the reproductive system, one way or another, almost all processes are associated with the cervix, therefore, its condition and health are given special attention.
With age, during menstruation, during pregnancy and after childbirth, the cervix, like the uterus itself, is able to change. Histology analysis helps to monitor the situation and take timely measures in the presence of deviations. For research, take a small part of the tissue of the cervix or the uterus itself.
Histology of the cervix is \u200b\u200ba minimally invasive diagnostic method for determining diseases during which a piece of tissue (biopsy) of the reproductive organ is taken. The purpose of the study under a microscope is to establish whether the material meets the parameters of healthy cells or whether they are dangerous and can lead to neoplasms and oncology. This method, due to the high accuracy of diagnosis, detects cancer and precancerous cells (dysplasia), the boundaries of their distribution, the possibility of surgical intervention.
Cervical histology analysis
Histological examination is the most informative way to determine the diseases of the female reproductive system. The procedure can be prescribed to patients of any age. Unlike cytology, this is not a preventive, but a planned study.
Histological analysis helps to find and eliminate the causes, if indicated:
- infertility, non-developing pregnancy, miscarriages;
- unstable uterine cycle (menstrual, secretory phases), lack of menstruation, bleeding outside the menstrual cycle - a bad symptom;
- pain in the abdomen, uncharacteristic discharge from the vagina, discomfort during intercourse;
- suspicion of the presence of cancer in the detection of abnormal cells during a screening cytological examination;
- establish the state of the endometrium at the beginning of the cycle and at the end of its cycle.
Important! An analysis of the histology of the cervix is \u200b\u200bcontraindicated if the patient has low blood coagulation, pregnancy, menstruation, and an inflammatory process is revealed in the organs of the reproductive system.
This method, due to sufficient trauma, is used only in cases where other types of diagnostics do not provide all the necessary information to establish a diagnosis or the results of other studies have a number of contradictions.
An analysis of histology is prescribed if there are signs:
- (whitish plaques in the keratinization zones in women of reproductive age);
- endometrial hyperplasia (abnormal deviations in the growth of tissues or organ in the process of cell division in the body);
- a large number of malignant cells were detected in a cytological smear;
- unevenness of the cervical canal (transition of the cervix to the uterus).
How is histology analysis done, tissue sampling methods?
Unlike a conventional smear, histology examines the structure of the tissue as a whole and is able to assess the localization and boundaries of the area of \u200b\u200bthe pathological process. For research, a cervical biopsy is performed (tissue sampling), the optimal method of which is determined by the doctor.
Among the methods of tissue collection are:
Before the procedure, it is recommended to prepare: take a blood test for sexually transmitted diseases, a smear for cytology, examine the purity of the vagina, refuse sexual intercourse and suspend local treatment for two days. So it is better to exclude douching and chemicals for intimate hygiene. These precautions reduce the likelihood of erroneous results. The duration of the procedure, when a smear is done for cytology, is 15 minutes along with an examination.
Tissue collection for cytological examination takes longer and is performed as follows:
- The patient is located on a gynecological chair, the doctor examines the cervical canal with the help to identify the pathology site;
- Using various techniques (scalpel biopsy, laser, electric knife), the material of the affected tissues is obtained. The prepared drug is sent for research to the laboratory;
- The damaged area of \u200b\u200bthe neck is treated with a hemostatic drug, if bleeding occurs, it is sutured.
After the procedure, a tissue fragment is placed in formalin or ethanol, the doctor makes a thin section and stains it using hematoxylin and eosin. In some cases, the histological preparation may be placed in paraffin. Under the influence of the dye, the composition of the tissues changes color: proteins turn red, and nucleic acids acquire a blue tint. The histologist places a slice under the glass and, using an electron microscope, examines the prepared sample in order to identify pathology and abnormalities. Healthy epithelium of the neck of brown color with the same cell size, deviations from the norm indicate the presence of the disease.
Deciphering the histology of the cervix
A histologist (pathomorphologist) examines samples of the order of 7 days - a complete analysis. For emergency situations, there is an express diagnosis - a quick but less accurate method that allows you to get results within 24 hours after the procedure.
Important! In a private clinic, a decryption form is issued to the patient in his hands in writing, which indicates personal data, date of collection and material, solution, type of diagnosis. At the end of the document, all tissues and possible neoplasms are listed. All terms are in Latin.
The laboratory assistant only issues an opinion. The document, regardless of the result, does not contain any recommendations. All information on the form during admission will be deciphered by the attending doctor. He compares the results of a histological examination, analyzes the clinical picture with a medical history and other diagnostic methods. Based on all available information, the doctor makes a diagnosis and prescribes treatment, the duration of which depends on the severity of the identified pathology.
What does the analysis for cervical histology show?
A histological examination reliably establishes or refutes the presence of any pathologies, malignant formations, determines the degree of differentiation (predisposition of elements).
The results of the study are divided into groups:
- norm (all tissues of the neck are absolutely healthy);
- revealed atrophic and inflammatory processes in connection with age, changes in the hormonal background, the presence of the pathogen;
- mild dysplasia (low malignancy), coilocytosis;
- moderate and (high degree of change in the epithelium);
- invasive cancer of the cervix (latent or mild symptoms).
An analysis of the histology of the cervix shows the degree of atypia of the cells: the superficial nature or changes in epithelial tissue occupies half (more than half) of the layers of cells.
Classification, histology in cervical oncology
The CIN classification system and WHO help the doctor correctly evaluate the results of histology.
The acronym CIN (CIN) stands for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. This is a malignant lesion. The main cause of cervical dysplasia is HPV (human papillomavirus) strains 16 and 18 (oncogenic types). Three stages of the disease are distinguished. The first two stages of CIN 1 and CIN 2, if detected in time, then respond well to radiation and combination therapy, are successfully operated on. CIN 3 is considered intractable. Over the course of three stages, squamous cells mutate, approaching cervical cancer.
In 2013, the definition of CIN was changed to SIL. In fact, this is a precancerous condition, the value of which is defined as squamous intraepithelial lesion. There are two stages of mild and severe lesion, although doctors still use the previous classification.
Methods of modern diagnosis and therapy help prevent the degeneration of dysplasia into cancer. The cure rate due to surgery is 95%. If you miss the three stages of neck damage, over time, atypical epithelial cells will replace healthy ones, which will cause oncology.
Depending on the histological type, the following types of cervical cancer are distinguished:
- squamous (keratinized, low-grade, non-keratinized) in exocervix;
- adenocarcinoma (glandular cancer).
Histological examination, as the most informative method, determines the features of the structure of tissues, reveals benign and malignant tumors, which already at an early stage of the disease allows you to start treatment and guarantee success.
Video: histology. How is the study conducted?
Video: Histology Lecture
Women and men sometimes have to go through surgical methods of treatment. Most tissues removed during surgery are sent for a special additional examination called histology. A breakdown of the results of this analysis will be covered in this article.
What it is?
Before decoding the results of histology will be done, you need to find out what it is. Such a detailed examination means a thorough study of the state of organs at the tissue level. Simply put, a piece of the human body is sent for diagnosis.
How much is the result prepared?
An interpretation of the histology results can be obtained in up to two weeks. At a public health facility, analysis is performed within one week. Many private clinics promise to examine the resulting tissue within a few days. This histology is called urgent. It is worth noting that such a study may be less informative.
Histology: a transcript of results
Before analyzing the data indicated in the conclusion, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the condition and complaints of the patient. Also, the interpretation of the results of histology largely depends on what type of tissue was sent for analysis.
Most often, a histological examination is carried out for people who have a suspicion of Also, this diagnosis is very common in gynecology. For example, the results of histology after curettage (decryption) will show possible diseases of the uterine cavity. If the cleaning was carried out due to a frozen pregnancy, then the decryption will indicate the reasons for the occurrence of such a problem.
Deciphering the results of histology is not an easy process. Persons without a medical education are unlikely to be able to understand anything in prison. Almost everything is written in Latin using a variety of terms. If the tissue was taken within the walls of the state hospital, then your result will be immediately sent to the doctor. In the case when you used the services of a private clinic, the results of histology are given directly to the hands.
First point: data
In the form you can see your personal data. Usually they are indicated in the header of the sheet. Next will be indicated the type of tissue and the place of their fence. So, the decoding of the results of histology of the cervix contains the following phrase: "A biopsy of the cervix and cervical canal was performed." This suggests that the doctor took a piece of tissue from this organ. Material can be taken from absolutely any organ: a female ovary or mammary gland, kidneys or liver, heart or tonsils, and so on.
Second point: research method
After that, the method of analysis is indicated. This can be an urgent histology (duration from one hour to two days) or a routine examination (up to ten days). The solutions that were used to study the material are immediately indicated.
Third point: main conclusion
Further you can see many terms in Latin. Many patients believe that the more histology is written, the worse. However, such a statement can be challenged. The laboratory assistant details all the names of the identified tissues. So, during a histological examination, entries are made about the detection of pieces of the endometrium, (embryo), parts of the placenta (if by that time it had already formed). Also in this field are detected pathological processes. If conducted, you can see the records of the presence of polyps (benign diseases), all kinds of cysts (malignant or benign) and so on.
After receiving the results
If you got the result of the test on your hands, then it's worth starting to show it to the doctor. Remember that trying to decrypt the analysis yourself can lead to stress and anxiety.
Currently, after almost every histological examination, treatment is prescribed. Its duration and complexity directly depend on the severity of the identified pathology.
Summarizing
Now you know what histology is and how to decipher it. Remember that self-medication can lead to serious complications and unexpected consequences. Always use a doctor. Only in this case you can maintain your health. Good luck to you!
Each patient may need to undergo a histology test. What such an analysis can show, as well as what the doctor writes in the conclusion, you can read in this article.
A histology test is the most accurate way to determine if there are any dangerous tumors or cells in the patient’s body. An analysis of histology is performed to identify pathologies in various human systems, including the cervix. The difference between such testing from others is that with the help of it the doctor can get the most accurate information about the patient’s health status.
Currently, the examination can be carried out in different ways (ultrasound, MRI and others). But not always with the help of them the doctor can get reliable data about the patient’s health, as well as correctly diagnose. To do this, there is a more accurate analysis, which is called histology. Such a study is done for the cervix. Using such testing, the doctor can study the tissues and cells in the body, as well as determine the pathology of the disease. This method is often used in gynecology to identify pathologies in the cervix.
However, many currently do not know how to properly analyze histology. It is worth noting that such testing is not like all other types of research. Everything will depend on which organ should be examined. In this case, for example, when determining the pathology of the development of the cervix, the doctor can take a swab from the vagina, at some other points tissue sections are taken from the organs under investigation.
After receiving the material for testing, the doctor places it in formalin, making a thin section of the material using a special tool. In this way, the fabric can be dyed so that it is more convenient to conduct its research. The fabric can be stained in many ways. Most often, eosin is used for this. When tissue is exposed to such an agent, it becomes colored. She also stains the structure. Then, using a microscope, the doctor determines what bacteria and dangerous cells have appeared in the tissues.
In some cases, histological analysis of the tissue can be placed in paraffin. Here, for research, you will also need a microscope, with which you can determine certain pathologies in the tissues.
What histology analysis can show and how many days to do it?
This is also a question that worries many. Doctors say that an analysis, such as the cervix, is not always necessary. This will depend on certain conditions. The analysis must be carried out in such cases:
- To determine the presence in the body, including the uterus, how many pathogenic bacteria are there or the possibility of a tumor. A tumor is the most common reason when an uterus test is required. Conducting an analysis in this way allows the doctor to determine the pathology in the organ.
- To identify and clarify the causes of infertility.
- To determine the condition of the organs of the female reproductive system, including the uterus.
- To identify inflammation in the food digestion system.
In modern medicine, more and more methods of research and detection of various diseases, abnormalities, neoplasms are used. Histology is one such method.
This is a direction in scientific medicine, which is at the junction of cytology and embryology. With the advent of this research method, it became possible to identify conditions that could previously be judged only in the late stages of the development of the disease.
Histology is such a direction in biology and medicine that studies the state of the whole organism through various tissues of human organs. A histology test is performed by taking a tissue sample from an organ and examining it in detail with a microscope. Very often, histology is used in the field of gynecology and oncology.
What histology studies
During the histological examination, the main attention is paid to the study of human body tissues at the cell level. It is such a detailed study that allows doctors to accurately diagnose an ailment or prevent the development of such a terrible disease as cancer.
Types of tissues that histology studies
This science already at the cellular level helps to establish any pathological process that begins in healthy organs. With the help of microscopy, it is possible to establish mutations in organs, bodies of foreign origin and the onset of cancer.
What is histology in gynecology
A very important and most informative type of study in gynecology is the analysis of histology. Women's health in general depends on the functioning of the genital organs, therefore the prevention of various diseases or their treatment in the early stages can significantly increase the patient's standard of living.
With the help of histology, it became possible to find out the causes of infertility or miscarriage in young women who have similar problems. Many gynecological diagnoses can be made only after this examination.
In gynecology, 5 main types of histological examinations are performed:
| Type of study | Indications and features |
| Definition of Oncology | It is carried out when new formations or tumors of an unexplained nature (benign or malignant) are detected at the reception or after an ultrasound scan. To determine their quality, a sampling of diseased tissues is carried out for further research. |
| Analysis for miscarriage or missed pregnancy, infertility | It is carried out to establish the true cause of what happened. Explains the causes of infertility |
| Uterine tissue analysis | It allows you to establish the causes of bleeding, pain, the nature of neoplasms, the quality of the endometrium. |
| Ovarian tissue examination | Assign for any detected types of tumors. |
| Histological examination of the cervix | Carried out by cutting a small part of the tissue of the neck for research. The study gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe presence of erosion, genital warts, oncology, dysplasia. |
Indications
Histology is such a study, the conduct of which necessarily requires the presence of weighty evidence. 
The gynecologist must definitely prescribe a histological examination in addition to other tests if the following complaints and symptoms are identified:
- pain of unknown origin in the lower abdomen;
- the presence of an inflammatory process;
- protracted bleeding;
- abortion;
- if you have a miscarriage or if you have a missed pregnancy;
- study of fetal tissues with abnormalities during pregnancy;
- the appearance or removal of all new formations;
- heterogeneous endometrium according to the results of ultrasound;
- the presence of many cysts on the ovaries;
- leukoplakia;
- studying after removal of the qualitative composition of the cells of papillomatous formations and polyps.
Timely diagnosis helps early treatment.
Histological examination of the endometrium
Studying the inner layers of the tissue of the cervix and the uterus, called the endometrium, allows you to monitor the work of the ovaries, diagnose any pathologies and diseases in the initial stages, and identify endometrial hyperplasia.
To collect materials for laboratory research, scraping is performed from the inner walls of the uterus. With ongoing bleeding, they do not wait for the scheduled monthly period, tissue sampling is carried out immediately. 
After curettage, the stained tissues are sent for analysis to the laboratory. Sometimes they use the Van Gieson technique for these purposes.
On stained sections, you can determine the features of the endometrium and its structure. Healthy unchanged glands differ from patients in shape, they have a saw-shaped, lightly stained cytoplasm. And inside them must be present a secret.
Histology of the cervix
The histology of tissues taken from the cervix is \u200b\u200bcarried out if there are concerns about the occurrence of precancerous, precancerous conditions or the presence of inflammation in this organ. A small particle of material is taken from the surface of the neck for analysis, sampling is performed without opening it.
Small changes identified after the study most often indicate the presence of inflammation, erosion, or a benign tumor. A large number of altered cells indicates a precancerous condition and the presence of a malignant neoplasm.
Uterine histology
To prescribe a histological examination of the uterus, indications are needed, such as abdominal pains of an unexplained nature in the lower part, uterine bleeding, formations and tumors with palpation of the organ. 
The collection of material for examination is carried out simultaneously during hysteroscopy for diagnostic purposes. This intervention is an examination of the internal tissues and the surface of the uterus using a specially designed optical device called a hysteroscope.
The doctor selects a piece of tissue under general anesthesia (usually general, but sometimes only anesthesia is used). Selected tissues are sent for histological examination, which will help determine the cause of violations in the work of the genital organ and distinguish a malignant tumor from a benign one (for example, fibroids).
Histology of the ovaries
Histology of the ovaries is performed by introducing a puncture needle through the abdominal wall. It penetrates the ovaries themselves and selects material for analysis directly from questionable areas (cystic or tumorous). The tissue collection process is carried out under the supervision of an ultrasound machine, this allows tissue collection to be carried out precisely from areas of suspicion.
Histology after a frozen pregnancy
Histology is a study that can be done to find out the causes of a missed pregnancy. At the same time, tissues obtained from the dead embryo are sent to the laboratory for research. Starting from the 2nd trimester, the dead fetus must be removed by curettage of the uterine cavity.
The reasons for a missed pregnancy. Statistics A histology test helps determine the cause of a missed pregnancy to prevent a recurrence of the situation. Thus, it is possible to determine what caused the death of the embryo - viruses or infections, especially genital, diabetes or hormonal imbalance in women, the abnormal structure of the genital organs.
Histology after curettage
Curettage of the uterus and its cavity is a complex process of collecting the endometrium, so it is performed in the operating room under anesthesia or anesthesia. The procedure takes more than half an hour.
When scraping, the collection of material is carried out by a curette. All biological material obtained is collected in a test tube and sent to the laboratory. Indications for this procedure are pregnancy problems (miscarriage, infertility), endometrial hyperplasia. Also, material can be collected by removing the placenta remaining after childbirth.
After curettage, tissue samples obtained directly from the uterus itself are examined. To do this, part of the epithelium is removed and biologically selected material after it is removed from the uterus.
What period of the cycle is the tissue taken
Tissue sampling for histological examination is carried out immediately before the start of menstruation in order to minimize blood loss. Intervention in the body at the middle or end of the cycle can cause bleeding, an early onset of menstruation and subsequent malfunctions. 
Only the attending physician himself has the right to appoint the day of the collection of material for analysis for histology. Before performing the procedure, do not worry, because the collection of material will not bring pain or discomfort. Inside the uterus and genitals, the minimum number of nerve endings that are responsible for pain or discomfort.
Analysis preparation
Most often, before attending a histology analysis, the attending physician prescribes a number of other studies.
For instance:
- blood analysis;
- smears for cytology;
- tests for the presence of genital infections;
If the results of these analyzes raise suspicions of more serious abnormalities, then a histological examination will help establish an accurate diagnosis. Since the sampling of the material is carried out most often in a hospital, the date of the appointment is set in advance, by agreement with the doctors who perform the endometrial sampling and the study itself.
To obtain more reliable results, it is recommended to refrain from 1-3 days before the appointed date:
To conduct a toilet of the genitals is only with the use of warm water, without using any gels for intimate hygiene.
For a couple of weeks, the patient should stop using any medications if they are not vital, and nutritional supplements. The doctor should be warned in advance about the use of any medication, since some of them can affect blood coagulation.
How is histology analysis done?
To obtain tissue samples, several basic methods of material collection are used:
A correctly selected method of extracting material for analysis and its volume affect the receipt of the correct result. Therefore, it is very important for the doctor to choose the appropriate method for collecting samples in each case.
Histology is such a complex study, which is necessarily carried out by a pathomorphologist who is a specialist in the study of the tissues of the human body. After collecting the material, it is important to properly prepare the tissue for examination.
For this, the required steps are carried out:
- tissue fixation in a special fluid that prevents tissue breakdown and rot;
- dehydration of the material (or wiring) for compaction;
- pouring the material with paraffin or another suitable preparation for this purpose, thus obtaining a solid block from which sections are made;
- cutting a solid block with a special machine microtome into thin plates;
- staining the thinnest plates on slides with special preparations;
- conclusion - covering the obtained slices with another glass slide with a special medium conducive to their long-term storage;
- study under a modern (electronic, light, scanning, luminescent) microscope of the obtained preparation.
In the case where accelerated analysis is required, an emergency freezing of the obtained tissues is carried out directly in the operating room, the prepared materials are cut into thin layers and the preparations from them are examined under a microscope.
What histology analysis shows
It is necessary to prescribe a histological analysis in cases when it is necessary to confirm the presence of cancer cells in the body. The study will show their presence even in the very early stages of the disease, which are asymptomatic. This will help to begin treatment in a timely manner and fully recover.
A histology analysis performed after a miscarriage or other pregnancy problems will reveal the causes of these problems. Reproductologists are very successful in combating various causes of infertility with this study. 
The main thing is to accurately diagnose and find out the nature of the disease, otherwise the treatment "blindly" will not only not give a result, but it can also hurt.
Histology can also show the state of the organs of the female genitourinary system and the gastrointestinal tract to determine the presence or absence of inflammation, abnormalities in the development of organs or other pathologies.
How much histology analysis is done
The timing for obtaining histology results depends on the clinic the patient is contacting. But with proper laboratory research, you will have to expect a conclusion for at least a week. Usually, you can pick up the finished result after 10 days.
The term may increase if the clinic where the material was taken does not have its own laboratory. In such cases, the selected materials are prepared at the site of the collection point and transported for examination. Delivery of tissue, and then the results, may take 2-3 days.
If during surgery a suspicion of a malignant neoplasm arises, the operating surgeon takes the material directly from the operating room, and the tissue specialist immediately performs an express analysis. If fears about the presence of cancers are confirmed, an oncological neoplasm is immediately removed.
Results and interpretation of histology analysis
The pathomorphologist is responsible for the analysis itself, its conduct and for the delivery of the results, but only the attending physician is responsible for decoding and interpreting the results. He must make a correct diagnosis based on the results not only of histology, but also of all other prescribed studies, such as blood, urine, and smear tests. 
If you find in your written report many Latin unfamiliar words and symbols, you should not panic and draw premature conclusions. The result is always given in the form of Latin terms, so without proper education, there is no way to understand it.
The conclusion of a private laboratory must necessarily indicate the time and place of sampling of the studied sample, the type of tissue examined, as well as information about the solutions used in the study. The result is described at the end of the form; no recommendations for treatment are indicated there.
Can histology analysis be wrong?
Histological analysis, like any other, may be erroneous. But histology, according to experts, is such a most accurate method of research that the percentage of erroneous results is very small.
It is possible to determine its unreliability during a repeated study. In any case, when making a complex diagnosis, such as oncology, the doctor will refer the patient for an additional examination to confirm the presumptive diagnosis.
The patient also has the right to require a sample of his material at the place of analysis in order to send it for study to another laboratory.
The indicators will be more accurate if more material has been investigated and the correct method of tissue collection has been selected. Incorrect collection and subsequent incorrect storage of tissues will also give an incorrect interpretation of the analysis. It is important to choose a clinic and a doctor with such experience, positive feedback and the necessary knowledge and skills for such complex studies.
What to do after receiving the result
After the patient receives the result from the laboratory, it is worth waiting for the consultation of the attending physician. It makes no sense to independently decrypt the received data, since only an experienced attending physician will be able to correctly interpret them, based on previously obtained results of other tests, the patient’s history. 
If a specialist has doubts, he will refer the patient for re-examination. And if the patient himself has doubts and insecurity about his doctor, he can go to another doctor with all his analyzes. In the same way, you can send your material for study to another laboratory.
Do not panic when receiving directions for histological examination. Histology will help to identify and prevent the development of cancer.
This is such a study, which at the very early stages of the development of the disease, and even in a precancerous condition, allows you to make an accurate diagnosis. In this case, it is very important to learn about the disease as early as possible. In addition, histology will help solve the problem of infertility and miscarriage. Now this is especially true for many dozens of families.
Article design: Mila Friedan
Histology Video
How is a histological examination performed:
Histological examination helps with high accuracy to determine the presence of dangerous cells and neoplasms. Histology is carried out to study the tissues of various organs and systems. The difference between this research method from others is the increased accuracy of obtaining results.
Modern examinations of the body are carried out in different ways: examinations, analyzes, ultrasound. But not always these methods allow you to accurately diagnose or detect pathogenic cells and extraneous formations. To do this, there is a more accurate method called histology. Many have heard about the smear on histology, and not everyone knows what it is.
The histological method of research allows you to study cells and tissues, to identify pathology of development. This method is often used in gynecology and other fields of medicine. If you do not know what the analysis of histology means, how it is done, and what results it shows, we will help you figure it out.
Many do not know how to take a histology test. Research is not like any of the usual research methods. Depending on which organ needs to be checked, the form of analysis is different: smears, prints, sections or films from tissues. The algorithm for taking the analysis must be accurate and must comply with all the rules of the study.
After the doctor receives a piece of tissue, it must be placed in formalin or ethanol, make a thin section and stain using special means. The methods for staining cut tissue are also different. The most commonly used are hematoxylin and eosin. Due to the influence of coloring substances, a change in the color of the composition of the tissues occurs.
For example, hematoxylin stains nucleic acids blue, and proteins turn red with it. After the procedures are completed, the specialist examines the prepared sample using an electron microscope for the presence of pathogenic and dangerous cells. But there is still a way how histology is carried out.
In some cases, tissue sections are placed in a special balm or paraffin, and the resulting samples can be stored. And if possible, conduct research using various microscopes: light, scanning, electronic, luminescent and others. Using a phase contrast microscope allows you to consider images of samples that cannot be seen using conventional microscopy.
The required tissue sample is taken using a puncture needle, bone trepanation, or by aspiration.
What does histology analysis show?
- To determine the presence of cancerous tumors in the body, this is the most common reason for which a histological examination is performed. The study of tissues in this way allows you to determine whether there are dangerous cells in the body; To identify the causes of infertility; To study the condition of the organs of the female genitourinary system; To determine the inflammatory process in the digestive system.
To the question of how much time histology is done, each clinic gives its own answer. On average, the result of the study becomes known on the 7-10th day after taking a tissue sample. The term for obtaining the result also depends on the availability of our own laboratory in the territory of the medical institution. With an existing laboratory, the histology execution time is significantly reduced. When ordering a histological examination in an external laboratory, the delivery of the result may take from 2-3 days or more. There is also an express diagnosis, which is carried out in the operating room.
If during the operation there is a suspicion of the presence of malignant tumors in the patient, a tissue sample can be examined under a microscope in a short period of time. If the result is positive, the surgeon must perform an extended operation, taking into account the rules for the removal of cancerous lesions.
The results of histology analyzes are issued to the patient in the form of a written opinion. It will indicate if there are or are not abnormalities in the cells and tissues. But not everyone can decipher the result. For proper interpretation of histology tests, a minimum of medical education is required. Information about the study is indicated in Latin using medical terms.
- personal data of the patient; what type of tissue was taken for study; sampling location.
The following indicates the method, time of the study. What solutions were used to study samples of taken tissues - information is also indicated on the form. The main conclusion about histology indices is described at the very end. Do not worry if you see a large amount of information. This does not mean that many abnormalities or pathologies have been found.
The specialist who conducted the study lists not only possible neoplasms, but also the detection of all tissues. You yourself are unlikely to read the conclusion in Latin. Therefore, after obtaining the results of the studies, consult a doctor, who at the same time will advise about possible treatment or preventive measures.
Regardless of what the results of histology may be: positive or negative, no recommendations are indicated in the conclusion.
Many patients, after receiving a histological conclusion about the presence of a malignant tumor, want the result to be erroneous. But, unfortunately, errors in histology are extremely rare. This research method is considered the most accurate and, with some studies, allows not only to determine the presence of malignant cells, but also the cause of their appearance.
Despite the accuracy of the histological method, experts do not deny that there is a small percentage of incorrect and inaccurate studies. But if the procedure for taking a tissue sample and the algorithm of action during the study was followed, then the result cannot be wrong.
Histology - Analysis
Histology - This is an analysis of a sample taken from an organ tissue, which is the leading basis for making a diagnosis. In modern medicine, the method is considered one of the most reliable. Often it is of paramount importance when making a diagnosis and determining the type of therapy.
The study of tissue samples is carried out with the aim of:
- detection of inflammation in the digestive system; determining the causes of infertility; diagnostics of oncological conditions; determining the condition of the uterus and other female organs; correction of therapy for diseases of internal organs (liver, kidneys, etc.).
How is histology analysis taken?
To obtain material for analysis (tissue sample), the following types of biopsy are used:
- needle - the organization of tissue collection using a special needle; incision - a tissue sample is taken during the operation; excision - tissue sampling is performed after removal of a tumor or an affected organ.
Carrying out the procedure of taking tissue for histology
When conducting histology, the mandatory conditions are strict adherence to the procedure algorithm and a high level of attention, specialist responsibility. After all, a false result of the analysis will direct the attending physician to the choice of the wrong treatment methods.
The sequence of histology is as follows:
Make a sampling of material for research. A tissue sample is placed in formalin, ethanol or Buen's fluid. For hardening, the prepared material is poured with paraffin. Cut very thin plates of tissue and place them on a glass slide. Paraffin is removed, the material is stained with a special dye. A microscopic examination is performed.
For the patient and his relatives, the question is sometimes very important: how much is the analysis for histology done? As a rule, if a histological examination is carried out in the same medical institution where the tissue is taken for analysis, the result is ready in a week. It is clear that if the research material has to be taken to another medical institution, and even more to another 
The locality, the time spent on analysis, is increasing. In some cases, when the issue of surgery should be resolved in a short time, an accelerated methodology is used. The resulting material is frozen and the result is ready in 2-3 hours.
The interpretation of the histology analysis is carried out by a cytologist, who determines the nature of the disease. So, when conducting an analysis of a mole for histology, an experienced specialist will accurately determine whether the formation is benign or malignant.
In modern medicine, more and more methods of research and detection of various diseases, abnormalities, neoplasms are used. Histology is one such method.
This is a direction in scientific medicine, which is at the junction of cytology and embryology. With the advent of this research method, it became possible to identify conditions that could previously be judged only in the late stages of the development of the disease.
What is histology
Histology is such a direction in biology and medicine that studies the state of the whole organism through various tissues of human organs. A histology test is performed by taking a tissue sample from an organ and examining it in detail with a microscope. Very often, histology is used in the field of gynecology and oncology.
What histology studies
During the histological examination, the main attention is paid to the study of human body tissues at the cell level. It is such a detailed study that allows doctors to accurately diagnose an ailment or prevent the development of such a terrible disease as cancer.
Types of tissues that histology studies
This science already at the cellular level helps to establish any pathological process that begins in healthy organs. With the help of microscopy, it is possible to establish mutations in organs, bodies of foreign origin and the onset of cancer.
What is histology in gynecology
A very important and most informative type of study in gynecology is the analysis of histology. Women's health in general depends on the functioning of the genital organs, therefore the prevention of various diseases or their treatment in the early stages can significantly increase the patient's standard of living.
With the help of histology, it became possible to find out the causes of infertility or miscarriage in young women who have similar problems. Many gynecological diagnoses can be made only after this examination.
In gynecology, 5 main types of histological examinations are performed:
| Type of study | Indications and features |
| Definition of Oncology | It is carried out when new formations or tumors of an unexplained nature (benign or malignant) are detected at the reception or after an ultrasound scan. To determine their quality, a sampling of diseased tissues is carried out for further research. |
| Analysis for miscarriage or missed pregnancy, infertility | It is carried out to establish the true cause of what happened. Explains the causes of infertility |
| Uterine tissue analysis | It allows you to establish the causes of bleeding, pain, the nature of neoplasms, the quality of the endometrium. |
| Ovarian tissue examination | Assign for any detected types of tumors. |
| Histological examination of the cervix | Carried out by cutting a small part of the tissue of the neck for research. The study gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe presence of erosion, genital warts, oncology, dysplasia. |
Indications
Histology is such a study, the conduct of which necessarily requires the presence of weighty evidence. 
The gynecologist must definitely prescribe a histological examination in addition to other tests if the following complaints and symptoms are identified:
- pain of unknown origin in the lower abdomen;
- the presence of an inflammatory process;
- protracted bleeding;
- abortion;
- if you have a miscarriage or if you have a missed pregnancy;
- study of fetal tissues with abnormalities during pregnancy;
- the appearance or removal of all new formations;
- heterogeneous endometrium according to the results of ultrasound;
- the presence of many cysts on the ovaries;
- leukoplakia;
- studying after removal of the qualitative composition of the cells of papillomatous formations and polyps.
Timely diagnosis helps early treatment.
Histological examination of the endometrium
Studying the inner layers of the tissue of the cervix and the uterus, called the endometrium, allows you to monitor the work of the ovaries, diagnose any pathologies and diseases in the initial stages, and identify endometrial hyperplasia.
To collect materials for laboratory research, scraping is performed from the inner walls of the uterus. With ongoing bleeding, they do not wait for the scheduled monthly period, tissue sampling is carried out immediately. 
After curettage, the stained tissues are sent for analysis to the laboratory. Sometimes they use the Van Gieson technique for these purposes.
On stained sections, you can determine the features of the endometrium and its structure. Healthy unchanged glands differ from patients in shape, they have a saw-shaped, lightly stained cytoplasm. And inside them must be present a secret.
Histology of the cervix
The histology of tissues taken from the cervix is \u200b\u200bcarried out if there are concerns about the occurrence of precancerous, precancerous conditions or the presence of inflammation in this organ. A small particle of material is taken from the surface of the neck for analysis, sampling is performed without opening it.
Small changes identified after the study most often indicate the presence of inflammation, erosion, or a benign tumor. A large number of altered cells indicates a precancerous condition and the presence of a malignant neoplasm.
Uterine histology
To prescribe a histological examination of the uterus, indications are needed, such as abdominal pains of an unexplained nature in the lower part, uterine bleeding, formations and tumors with palpation of the organ. 
The collection of material for examination is carried out simultaneously during hysteroscopy for diagnostic purposes. This intervention is an examination of the internal tissues and the surface of the uterus using a specially designed optical device called a hysteroscope.
The doctor selects a piece of tissue under general anesthesia (usually general, but sometimes only anesthesia is used). Selected tissues are sent for histological examination, which will help determine the cause of violations in the work of the genital organ and distinguish a malignant tumor from a benign one (for example, fibroids).
Histology of the ovaries
Histology of the ovaries is performed by introducing a puncture needle through the abdominal wall. It penetrates the ovaries themselves and selects material for analysis directly from questionable areas (cystic or tumorous). The tissue collection process is carried out under the supervision of an ultrasound machine, this allows tissue collection to be carried out precisely from areas of suspicion.
Histology after a frozen pregnancy
Histology is a study that can be done to find out the causes of a missed pregnancy. At the same time, tissues obtained from the dead embryo are sent to the laboratory for research. Starting from the 2nd trimester, the dead fetus must be removed by curettage of the uterine cavity.
The reasons for a missed pregnancy. Statistics
A histology test helps determine the cause of a missed pregnancy to prevent a recurrence of the situation. Thus, it is possible to determine what caused the death of the embryo - viruses or infections, especially genital, diabetes or hormonal imbalance in women, the abnormal structure of the genital organs.
Histology after curettage
Curettage of the uterus and its cavity is a complex process of collecting the endometrium, so it is performed in the operating room under anesthesia or anesthesia. The procedure takes more than half an hour.
When scraping, the collection of material is carried out by a curette. All biological material obtained is collected in a test tube and sent to the laboratory. Indications for this procedure are pregnancy problems (miscarriage, infertility), endometrial hyperplasia. Also, material can be collected by removing the placenta remaining after childbirth.
After curettage, tissue samples obtained directly from the uterus itself are examined. To do this, part of the epithelium is removed and biologically selected material after it is removed from the uterus.
What period of the cycle is the tissue taken
Tissue sampling for histological examination is carried out immediately before the start of menstruation in order to minimize blood loss. Intervention in the body at the middle or end of the cycle can cause bleeding, an early onset of menstruation and subsequent malfunctions. 
Only the attending physician himself has the right to appoint the day of the collection of material for analysis for histology. Before performing the procedure, do not worry, because the collection of material will not bring pain or discomfort. Inside the uterus and genitals, the minimum number of nerve endings that are responsible for pain or discomfort.
Analysis preparation
Most often, before attending a histology analysis, the attending physician prescribes a number of other studies.
For instance:
- blood analysis;
- smears for cytology;
- tests for the presence of genital infections;
If the results of these analyzes raise suspicions of more serious abnormalities, then a histological examination will help establish an accurate diagnosis. Since the sampling of the material is carried out most often in a hospital, the date of the appointment is set in advance, by agreement with the doctors who perform the endometrial sampling and the study itself.
To obtain more reliable results, it is recommended to refrain from 1-3 days before the appointed date:
To conduct a toilet of the genitals is only with the use of warm water, without using any gels for intimate hygiene.
For a couple of weeks, the patient should stop using any medications if they are not vital, and nutritional supplements. The doctor should be warned in advance about the use of any medication, since some of them can affect blood coagulation.
How is histology analysis done?
To obtain tissue samples, several basic methods of material collection are used:
A correctly selected method of extracting material for analysis and its volume affect the receipt of the correct result. Therefore, it is very important for the doctor to choose the appropriate method for collecting samples in each case.
Histology is such a complex study, which is necessarily carried out by a pathomorphologist who is a specialist in the study of the tissues of the human body. After collecting the material, it is important to properly prepare the tissue for examination.
For this, the required steps are carried out:
- tissue fixation in a special fluid that prevents tissue breakdown and rot;
- dehydration of the material (or wiring) for compaction;
- pouring the material with paraffin or another suitable preparation for this purpose, thus obtaining a solid block from which sections are made;
- cutting a solid block with a special machine microtome into thin plates;
- staining the thinnest plates on slides with special preparations;
- conclusion - covering the obtained slices with another glass slide with a special medium conducive to their long-term storage;
- study under a modern (electronic, light, scanning, luminescent) microscope of the obtained preparation.
In the case where accelerated analysis is required, an emergency freezing of the obtained tissues is carried out directly in the operating room, the prepared materials are cut into thin layers and the preparations from them are examined under a microscope.
What histology analysis shows
It is necessary to prescribe a histological analysis in cases when it is necessary to confirm the presence of cancer cells in the body. The study will show their presence even in the very early stages of the disease, which are asymptomatic. This will help to begin treatment in a timely manner and fully recover.
A histology analysis performed after a miscarriage or other pregnancy problems will reveal the causes of these problems. Reproductologists are very successful in combating various causes of infertility with this study.
The main thing is to accurately diagnose and find out the nature of the disease, otherwise the treatment "blindly" will not only not give a result, but it can also hurt.
Histology can also show the state of the organs of the female genitourinary system and the gastrointestinal tract to determine the presence or absence of inflammation, abnormalities in the development of organs or other pathologies.
How much histology analysis is done
The timing for obtaining histology results depends on the clinic the patient is contacting. But with proper laboratory research, you will have to expect a conclusion for at least a week. Usually, you can pick up the finished result after 10 days.
The term may increase if the clinic where the material was taken does not have its own laboratory. In such cases, the selected materials are prepared at the site of the collection point and transported for examination. Delivery of tissue, and then the results, may take 2-3 days.
If during surgery a suspicion of a malignant neoplasm arises, the operating surgeon takes the material directly from the operating room, and the tissue specialist immediately performs an express analysis. If fears about the presence of cancers are confirmed, an oncological neoplasm is immediately removed.
Results and interpretation of histology analysis
The pathomorphologist is responsible for the analysis itself, its conduct and for the delivery of the results, but only the attending physician is responsible for decoding and interpreting the results. He must make a correct diagnosis based on the results not only of histology, but also of all other prescribed studies, such as blood, urine, and smear tests. 
If you find in your written report many Latin unfamiliar words and symbols, you should not panic and draw premature conclusions. The result is always given in the form of Latin terms, so without proper education, there is no way to understand it.
The conclusion of a private laboratory must necessarily indicate the time and place of sampling of the studied sample, the type of tissue examined, as well as information about the solutions used in the study. The result is described at the end of the form; no recommendations for treatment are indicated there.
Can histology analysis be wrong?
Histological analysis, like any other, may be erroneous. But histology, according to experts, is such a most accurate method of research that the percentage of erroneous results is very small.
It is possible to determine its unreliability during a repeated study. In any case, when making a complex diagnosis, such as oncology, the doctor will refer the patient for an additional examination to confirm the presumptive diagnosis.
The patient also has the right to require a sample of his material at the place of analysis in order to send it for study to another laboratory.
The indicators will be more accurate if more material has been investigated and the correct method of tissue collection has been selected. Incorrect collection and subsequent incorrect storage of tissues will also give an incorrect interpretation of the analysis. It is important to choose a clinic and a doctor with such experience, positive feedback and the necessary knowledge and skills for such complex studies.
What to do after receiving the result
After the patient receives the result from the laboratory, it is worth waiting for the consultation of the attending physician. It makes no sense to independently decrypt the received data, since only an experienced attending physician will be able to correctly interpret them, based on previously obtained results of other tests, the patient’s history. 
If a specialist has doubts, he will refer the patient for re-examination. And if the patient himself has doubts and insecurity about his doctor, he can go to another doctor with all his analyzes. In the same way, you can send your material for study to another laboratory.
Do not panic when receiving directions for histological examination. Histology will help to identify and prevent the development of cancer.
This is such a study, which at the very early stages of the development of the disease, and even in a precancerous condition, allows you to make an accurate diagnosis. In this case, it is very important to learn about the disease as early as possible. In addition, histology will help solve the problem of infertility and miscarriage. Now this is especially true for many dozens of families.
Article design: Mila Friedan
Histology Video
How is a histological examination performed:
Modern examinations of the body are carried out in different ways: examinations, analyzes, ultrasound. But not always these methods allow you to accurately diagnose or detect pathogenic cells and extraneous formations. To do this, there is a more accurate method called histology. Many have heard about a smear on histology, and not everyone knows what it is. The histological method of research allows you to study cells and tissues, to identify the pathology of the development of the disease. This method is often used in gynecology and other fields of medicine. If you do not know what the analysis of histology means, how it is done and what results it shows, we will help you figure it out.
How is histology analysis done?
For example, hematoxylin stains nucleic acids blue, and proteins turn red with it. After the procedures are completed, the specialist examines the prepared sample using an electron microscope for the presence of pathogenic and dangerous cells. But there is another way to conduct histology. In some cases, tissue sections are placed in a special balm or paraffin. Various microscopes allow conducting research: light, scanning, electronic, luminescent and others. Using a phase contrast microscope helps to examine images of samples that cannot be seen with conventional microscopy. The required tissue sample is taken with a puncture needle, trepanation of the bone or with the help of aspiration (penetration into the respiratory tract).
What does histology analysis show?
This analysis is not always required. What is histology done for? Histology is necessary in the following cases:
- To determine the presence of cancerous tumors in the body, this is the most common reason for which a histological examination is performed. The study of tissues in this way allows you to determine whether there are dangerous cells in the body;
- To identify the causes of infertility;
- To study the condition of the organs of the female genitourinary system;
- To determine the inflammatory process in the digestive system.
You will be interested in consultations on the following topics:
How much histology analysis is done?
There is also an express diagnosis, which is carried out in the operating room. If during the operation there is a suspicion of the presence of malignant tumors in the patient, a tissue sample can be examined under a microscope in a short period of time. If the result is positive, the surgeon must perform an extended operation, taking into account the rules for the removal of cancerous lesions.
Results and interpretation of histology analysis
The results of histology analyzes are issued to the patient in the form of a written opinion. It will indicate if there are or are not abnormalities in the cells and tissues. But not everyone can decipher the result. For proper interpretation of histology tests, a minimum of medical education is required. Information about the study is indicated in Latin using medical terms.
If you have had a histological examination in a public institution in the direction of a doctor, then you can find out about the results at his appointment.
When you contact a private medical clinic, you will receive a conclusion on hand. The form will contain the following information:
- personal data of the patient;
- what type of tissue was taken for study;
- sampling location.
The following indicates the method, time of the study. What solutions were used to study samples of taken tissues - information is also indicated on the form. The main conclusion about histology indices is described at the very end. Do not worry if you see a large amount of information. This does not mean that many abnormalities or pathologies have been found. The specialist who conducted the study lists not only possible neoplasms, but also the detection of all tissues. You yourself are unlikely to read the conclusion in Latin. Therefore, after obtaining the results of the studies, consult a doctor, who at the same time will advise about possible treatment or preventive measures. Regardless of what the results of histology may be: positive or negative, no recommendations are indicated in the conclusion.
Can histology analysis be wrong?
Many patients, after receiving a histological conclusion about the presence of a malignant tumor, want the result to be erroneous. But, unfortunately, errors in histology are extremely rare. This research method is considered the most accurate and, with some studies, allows not only to determine the presence of malignant cells, but also the cause of their appearance. Despite the accuracy of the histological method, experts do not deny that there is a small percentage of incorrect and inaccurate studies. But if the procedure for taking a tissue sample and the algorithm of action during the study was followed, then the result cannot be wrong.
