Dorsal vein of the foot. Large saphenous vein of the leg (v

The operation is very traumatic.

There are a lot of classifications of this process. At the location, a hernia of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine is divided. The most common hernias are those located at the lumbar levels. By size:

1. All readings are divided into absolute and relative.
2. The main symptoms are constant pain in the back and lower back, aggravated by any physical activity. With the further development of the disease, pain begins to spread to the buttocks, thigh, lower legs, foot, and weakness appears. If you notice numbness or tingling in your legs, it could also indicate a herniated disc in the lumbar spine.
3. But this technique also has a number of negative aspects:
4. Microdiscectomy;
5. Central Clinical Hospital No. 1 "Russian Railways": from 15 thousand rubles (laser vaporization / laser reconstruction).

Consultation of a therapist, neurosurgeon, anesthesiologist.

The hernia is larger than 6 mm.

Laser treatment of the pathology under consideration includes 2 methods. Experts recommend using both techniques in the early stages of the disease (within 6 months after the formation of a hernia), when the diameter of the hernia does not exceed 6 mm. The use of a laser will be useful if drug treatment of an intervertebral hernia was unsuccessful, the patient has no contraindications to laser treatment.

• Laser treatment
• Large (up to 6 mm and up to 12 mm, respectively);
• Hernia sequestration;
• The rehabilitation period can be slowed down due to the formation of various scars and adhesions in the spinal canal.
• Disc hydroplasty.

Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences: from 60 thousand rubles Anesthesia of the operated area (local anesthesia).

The patient leads an inactive (sedentary) lifestyle. Text

• Laser vaporization (removal) of a hernia of the spine
• Complications that appear during the operation depend on the qualifications of the operating team, the type of surgery, and the quality of equipment. The most common complications:

The essence of this method is that they enter a damaged disk with an optical fiber, it heats the core of the disk, and the liquid evaporates. Consequently, the hernia also decreases in size. Such an operation is used for uncomplicated disease. What are the main advantages of this treatment technique:

• Very large.
• Inability to control urination and bowel movements;
• Endoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive treatment of an intervertebral hernia, which is carried out through punctures, which minimally injures the tissues, muscles and bone structures of the spine. This reduces the risk of cicatricial adhesions and complications possible with other types of operations.
• One of the most effective methods of treating herniated discs at an early stage is disc hydroplasty. The operation is performed using a special needle. A sterile solution is injected into the disc cavity, which helps to flush out the dead tissue of the vertebral disc and remove them from the body. The operation takes about a third of an hour. Disc hydroplasty is not done when determining a large hernia or rupture of the annulus fibrosus.

When carrying out a radical operation, not only a hernia is removed, but also an intervertebral disc with pathology. This type of operation is performed at the stages of a sequestered hernia or at the stage of a true hernia (disc prolapse) Garant Clinic: from 80 thousand rubles.

• Inserting a needle of a special diameter into the damaged disc. To bring the needle to the desired area, the skin is pierced.
• Today, there are many different methods for treating the pathology in question.
• Shown in the following cases:

With surgery, the hard membrane of the spinal cord can be damaged. If the doctor is qualified, then he notices this and sutures during the operation. Otherwise, the postoperative period is complicated by severe headaches. The reason is a decrease in intracranial pressure due to the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal. The headache will stop after the lesion spontaneously heals.

The structure of the vertebral disc does not change.

The patient has unbearable pains that last more than six months. And drug treatment does not help to eliminate them.

1. Relative indications:
2. Each operative method has negative consequences. The most common complication after surgery is hernia recurrence. In the postoperative period, recovery is especially important for the patient.
3. This type of operation should be performed only if there are absolute readings. About 20% of patients leave bad reviews about the results of this surgical method.
4. The most famous among them are the following establishments:

Control over manipulation is carried out using an X-ray machine, the radiation exposure of which is minimal.

Injuries to the spine when using a laser are minimal, however, in the future, due to the destruction of the disc structure, fusion of the vertebrae with each other, the restoration of the previous biomechanics of the spine may not occur.

• Periodic / constant tingling, burning sensation in the back, neck.
• In the postoperative period, if the instructions of the attending physician are not followed, the following complications may occur:

Not the effectiveness of conservative treatment.

1. Therefore, if during this period the patient begins to perform various physical activities too early or is injured, there is a high probability of relapse.
2. Microdiscectomy is a neurosurgical intervention that removes hernias. The operation is always performed under anesthesia. Before the operation, it is imperative to undergo an MRI examination or computed tomography.

Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. Harmful.

The technology of laser treatment of a hernia of the spine (laser percutaneous reconstruction) differs from laser vaporization:

• The procedure is performed without the use of anesthesia. In some cases (pregnancy, lactation, allergy to certain medications) this can be useful, but during the manipulation, the patient may feel discomfort.
• Sensory impairment.
• Not long stay in hospital (up to 2 days).

Various septic local (osteomyelitis or epiduritis) and general (pneumonia, sepsis) complications.

It is not possible to accurately direct the laser beam, therefore nearby tissues are often damaged.

The underlying disease was complicated by serious disorders of the internal organs, for example, from the gastrointestinal tract (fecal incontinence) or the urinary system (urinary incontinence).

• If we talk about the period of recovery and complete recovery of the patient, then in order for this to happen as soon as possible, the doctor may advise to resort to such concomitant recovery methods as physiotherapy exercises, massages, manual therapy.
• Then, for some time, what is the essence of the whole process is produced - the laser acts on damaged tissues.
• , Then it includes:
• Spinal hernia treatment is a process that requires time, patience and professionalism of the attending physician. All treatment can be conditionally divided into the following items:

Since the operation to remove an intervertebral hernia is quick (about an hour), the removal takes place under spinal anesthesia, which shortens the recovery time from anesthesia. The recovery period is very short - after endoscopic surgery, the patient gets to his feet within a few hours. Full return to active life occurs in 7-10 days.

• The most accurate diagnostic method, which allows not only to identify a hernial formation, but also makes it possible to accurately establish the stage of development of the disease, to see the state of the vertebrae, the direction of the protrusion of the disc. In addition, with the help of magnetic resonance imaging, we can work out the most correct methods for treating herniated discs. This safe and painless method is now considered the "gold standard" for diagnosing spinal diseases.
• During this period, complex treatment, exercise therapy, physiotherapy is prescribed. Spa treatment is also recommended.
• Thromboembolism is possible.
• The high cost of the operation.

The postoperative period is long. During this time, the back muscles are weakened. They cannot support the spine well. The result is a relapse of the disease.

Atrophic changes in the muscular system of the limbs or progressive paralysis As a rule, such measures are developed individually for a particular patient, taking into account the physiological characteristics of the patient's body, how the disease progressed, the age and weight of the patient, the severity of the disease.

• Vaporization involves the evaporation of the disc nucleus (steam is removed through a special needle), and reconstruction includes stimulating those parts of the nucleus that are damaged.
• Physiotherapeutic procedures such as ultrasound, paraffin therapy, magnetotherapy, diadynamic currents, electrophoresis and others;
• Relieving pain and reducing tissue edema;
• Intervertebral hernia surgery - the cost of surgery for this varies from 80 to 130 thousand rubles.
• It is used if the patient is contraindicated in magnetic resonance therapy (for example, if a pacemaker is installed).

1. If the pain does not go away within a week and is not relieved by pain relievers, you may have a herniated disk, which should be treated only in a clinical setting.

2. FedyaUser

3. Vladimir Vorotyntsev

   Abrupt movements of the spine are unacceptable.

4. Doctor Stupin

   During the operation, the nerve root is unintentionally damaged. The consequence is paresis or paralysis of the limb, which manifests itself already in the postoperative recovery period.

5. PolinaNovichok

   If there are any inflammatory processes, then they are not treated with this method.

6. nuwa Active user

   A radical spinal hernia surgery involves the complete removal of not only the hernia, but also the damaged disc. The vertebrae are connected together motionlessly. Radical operations are indicated for sequestered (the intervertebral disc falls into the canal of the spinal cord) and fully formed true hernias.

7. PolinaNovichok

   Very large.

8. The effectiveness of the operation is high only in those cases when the patient consults a doctor in a timely manner, but if the stage of the disease is neglected, then a recurrent hernia of the spine is possible;

9. nuwa Active user

   Such an operation can only be performed by an experienced neurosurgeon in an operating room fully equipped with modern equipment, which is necessary for this kind of manipulation. B vitamins, which restore the nerve conduction of the spine.Muscle spasm, as a result of which you feel some stiffness in movements;

10. Our clinic employs highly qualified specialists with unique experience in the field of microsurgical, endoscopic and puncture methods for the treatment of intervertebral hernia.

1. In the video, laser treatment of the spine:

2. FedyaUser

   Apart from the advantages of laser treatment of hernia, this method also has disadvantages. Since this is not a radical method, the reduction of the disc is negligible, so in the future it may be necessary to repeat the same procedure. In addition, laser therapy is performed with the use of local anesthesia, so the patient may feel some discomfort in the treated area while the doctor is working.

3. Vladimir Vorotyntsev Doctor - chiropractor, rehabilitologist

4. Doctor Stupin

   Removing a hernia with a laser has the effect of pain relief after the first procedure and increases the likelihood of a good treatment result;

5. PolinaNovichok

   During the operation, young chondrocytes slowly begin to replace the damaged tissue. In some cases, laser irradiation is also used in the case of surgical excision of a hernia, because this method leads to improved tissue healing, many consider it a necessary prevention of relapse.

6. nuwa Active user

7. PolinaNovichok

   They kneaded my foot every day, doing a light massage;

8. First tip from me:

9. nuwa Active user

   In the evening before the operation, it is imperative to cleanse the intestines. You can surrender yourself to the nursing staff, and they will do a traditional enema. You can buy a mini-enema at the pharmacy and carry out the procedure yourself. Then there was an MRI, which diagnosed "... herniated disc L4 - L5, 0.7 cm." Then the conclusion of the VKK, which I wrote about at the beginning of the article.“You are strongly advised to remove the herniated disc, otherwise you will soon be moving in a wheelchair and wearing a diaper,” was the verdict of the medical consultation commission after reviewing my MRI scans.

10. Many people believe that the treatment of intervertebral hernias ends with a rehabilitation period. But in order to avoid the recurrence of a hernia in the spine, it is necessary to lead a correct lifestyle. First of all, you need:

The basic principle of laser treatment

Removal of a hernia of the spine

Hospital stay, complex of rehabilitation measures, use of high-tech equipment, type of anesthesia. A hernia in late stages leads to compression of the spinal canal, so a more complex complex operation has to be performed: decompression of the spinal cord with microsurgical removal of the hernia (174,000 rubles).

The choice of treatment methods depends on the stage of the disease. With a timely visit to a doctor, treatment can be conservative, very effective at an early stage of the disease. The main therapeutic procedures are massage, exercise therapy, apparatus traction and other techniques. More details on this page.

1. The patient spends a minimum period of time in the clinic;
2. There are different types of hernia repair operations:
3. Among the Moscow healthcare institutions, the most famous are

Electrocardiogram.

The mobility of the spine is preserved.

Conservative treatment, which lasted about 3 months, did not bring practically positive results.

A hernia of the spinal column is a rather serious disease. The consequence of the displacement of the intervertebral disc can be a decrease in the lumen of the spinal canal, which leads to prolonged compression of the membrane and roots of the spinal cord. The result is an inflammatory process. The first symptom of this disease is rapid fatigue. Then pain appears. Often very strong. By its irradiation, it is possible to determine the place of formation of a vertebral hernia.

1. Almost complete absence after surgical scars and scars.
2. If the patient decides to carry out laser removal of an intervertebral hernia, then the attending physician must prescribe an examination of the patient's body, which includes the following steps:
3. Includes drug and non-drug therapy, which an experienced specialist will advise to use in combination. The course of drug treatment must necessarily include the appointment of such drugs:

With this disease, a rupture forms in the annulus fibrosus, from which part of the nucleus pulposus begins to protrude. It is believed that this disease can be the result of advanced osteochondrosis, and if it is not promptly treated, the person may temporarily lose the ability to work, and in some cases even get a disability.

The effectiveness of treatment, according to reviews of patients and doctors, can be different. In some cases, laser therapy for a hernia in different parts of the lower back helps, in others it does not. Each case is individual, since the symptoms, as well as the course of the disease, for each patient have their own characteristic features.

Laser vaporization of an intervertebral hernia is based on inserting a needle through the skin, i.e. make a puncture in the disc, and put a laser LED there. Dosed energy is released through it, which should turn the liquid in the disk into vapor, which will exit through the needle, which helps to reduce the internal pressure in the disk.

Symptoms indicating the presence of the disease

The intervertebral hernia in the early stages may not give itself out in any way. The first symptoms indicating the presence of the disease appear with its progression. So, here are the main symptoms to watch out for:

• severe pain syndrome;
• muscle spasm, as a result of which you feel some stiffness in movements;
• violation of sensitivity in the lower extremities;
• numbness of the legs, tingling and burning sensation.

How is a hernia treated with a laser?

How is the laser treatment of hernia of the spine carried out? Before starting therapy for a hernia of the lumbar spine or sacrum, the patient is sent for tests, a diagnostic study is carried out to confirm the diagnosis. If there are no contraindications for manipulation, then a laser operation will be prescribed.

Laser vaporization of a hernia is performed only under local anesthesia, since getting rid of a lumbar hernia does not require the use of general anesthesia.

After the operation, the patient must stay in the hospital for another day under constant medical supervision. Only in the evening after laser therapy for a hernia of the lower back or sacral spine can you walk, before that the patient must lie down. After examining the patient, the doctor will decide whether or not to let the patient go home. If all is well, then 24 hours after the intervention, the person is discharged home.

Postoperative rehabilitation involves taking a medication course.

Within 2 weeks, the patient is treated with anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs (Movalis, Celebrex, Nimesil).

The schedule and dosage of admission is prescribed by the doctor; it is forbidden to change the prescriptions on your own.

For a whole month you cannot visit the office of phziotherapeutic procedures. Prohibited:

• massage;
• electrical procedures;
• balneotherapy.

Sometimes magnetotherapy and laser therapy are prescribed to enhance the effect of the operation.

You cannot visit the pool or gym, physical activity is excluded, which can cause injury to any part of the spine. Working in the country or moving furniture is strictly prohibited.

It is worth walking a lot, doing household chores, walking. Long driving is prohibited. You can spend no more than 40 minutes driving a day. You need to wear a semi-rigid corset for a whole month in order to reduce the load on the operated spine.

It is possible to fully assess the effectiveness of vaporization of a hernia with the help of laser therapy only after 2 months, although some relief comes immediately. It is impossible to violate the doctor's recommendations so that the scarring of the fibrous ring proceeds normally, the pressure inside the discs normalizes. After 2 months, the patient undergoes a comprehensive examination to adjust the treatment.

If laser therapy does not help, then the hernia can be treated in other ways. Most often, surgery is prescribed to completely remove the hernia. After carrying out such operations, a person must change his lifestyle, adjust the diet, take care of the spine, and take preventive measures to exclude the recurrence of hernia.

Discectomy and laminectomy are the main methods of radical surgical therapy

A laser treatment technique means exposure to a specific area with a directed beam of photons (light). The power of this procedure is controlled by adjusting the photon wavelengths.

A low-power laser simply enhances the regenerative capabilities of the body in a specific focus, simultaneously enhancing blood circulation. A more powerful laser works differently. It simply destroys those tissues to which it is directed (both soft and bone).

Chronic pain - the main indication for hernia vaporization

To remove a herniated disc of the spine, special laser devices are used. The light flux they generate ignores soft tissues, passing through them and affecting only bone structures (the skin itself remains unharmed).

Can any hernia of the spine be treated with a laser? In most cases, the procedure is not required at all, the disease is treated conservatively. But for removal with a laser, significant indications are required.

Indications for laser removal of hernia:

1. The presence of a frequently exacerbated pain syndrome.
2. A constant sensation of discomfort in the back (burning, twitching and tingling, stiffness in movements).
3. Sensitivity disorders of the limbs or back, the development of paresthesias (numbness).
4. The occurrence of periodic or even more constant dizziness, headaches (with damage to the cervical spine).
5. Threat of bone infection (usually with lumbar or chest involvement).

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Contraindications

Laser treatment has a number of relative and absolute contraindications. Ignoring them can lead to dire consequences, including disability.

Herniated vertebral disc

List of contraindications:

• the patient is over 50 years old;
• the presence of ossification of the nucleus pulposus;
• the presence of neurological deficits, clinical signs of spinal cord injury;
• specific violation of the integrity of the annulus fibrosus with partial prolapse of the nucleus into the spinal canal;
• the presence of acute or chronic inflammatory processes in the pathological focus (a relative contraindication, sometimes ignored by doctors);
• ineffectiveness or development of side effects after a previous operation using laser technology.

After even such a relatively safe procedure, complications are possible. In most cases, they are moderate, and do not particularly threaten the patient. But sometimes very serious consequences are possible: a recurrence of a hernia, and it can develop with renewed vigor and proceed more severely than before the operation. Moreover, the risks of this are high, since laser treatment is not one hundred percent method of treating intervertebral hernias.

Also, after the procedure, pain syndrome of the type of phantom pain may develop. Its duration cannot be determined: in some people it persists for several months after the procedure, in others it can drag on for years.

Vaporization of a back hernia

In the first weeks after the operation, partial immobilization of the spinal column often develops.

With the effectiveness of laser removal of a hernia, everything is not so simple: on the one hand, the procedure is safe and very effective - most patients are successfully stopped with a hernia. On the other hand, a new hernia may develop within a few months.

What is the reason? The fact is that laser treatment is not a radical way to remove hernias (we are talking about vaporization). With its help, it is possible to partially, but not completely remove the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, and this is precisely the problem.

In addition, too much depends on the body's regenerative capabilities. That is, half of the success of the procedure lies not with the technique itself, but with the characteristics of the patient's body. That is why they do not prescribe treatment for people over 50 years old, since their regenerative mechanisms are too weakened.

Types of procedure

Laser treatment of hernias is divided into two types: vaporization (in fact, removal of the hernia itself) and reconstruction. What are the differences between these procedures?

Laser vaporization implies precisely the removal of an intervertebral hernia. That is, it is similar to a classic surgical operation, but at the same time it is less traumatic. During the procedure, the tissue of the nucleus pulposus is evaporated to prevent its protrusion through the annulus fibrosus.

Stages of vertebral hernia formation

Laser reconstruction is used to enhance the body's regenerative capabilities (locally). The goal is simple: at the expense of the body's ability to "heal" an intervertebral hernia. The procedure is extremely safe for the patient, but at the same time significantly lower in efficiency than vaporization.

Spinal hernia treatment is a process that requires time, patience and professionalism of the attending physician. All treatment can be conditionally divided into the following items:

• relieving pain and reducing tissue edema;
• relieving spasm of the back muscles;
• improved nerve conduction of the spine;
• elimination of all visible signs of the inflammatory process;
• restoration of the physiological intervertebral space.

Basically, the treatment of hernia can be divided into: conservative, surgical and rehabilitation treatment.

Conservative treatment includes drug and non-drug therapy, which an experienced specialist will advise to use in combination. The course of drug treatment must necessarily include the appointment of such drugs:

• anti-inflammatory drugs that relieve inflammation and pain;
• muscle relaxants that reduce muscle spasms;
• hemorheological agents that can improve blood flow;
• necessary pain reliever for a hernia of the spine;
• b vitamins, which restore the nerve conduction of the spine.

If we talk about non-drug treatment of hernia, then this includes:

• physiotherapeutic procedures such as ultrasound, paraffin therapy, magnetotherapy, diadynamic currents, electrophoresis and others;
• reflexology;
• manual therapy.

Surgical treatment is prescribed if the disease is at the stage when conservative treatment no longer gives any results. Only the attending physician can tell the patient exactly how to get rid of a hernia of the spine.

Before deciding on an operation, the attending physician will diagnose the consequences of an intervertebral hernia, and only after that will he advise the patient on one or another type of operation.

Reconstruction of vertebral discs using a laser

Removal of intervertebral hernia with a laser demonstrates high efficiency in the treatment of young people.

Also, laser nucleoplasty of the lumbar or other spine copes well with disc protrusions up to 6 mm, it is also effective in cases where the disc fragments are not separated from each other.

Laser treatment of a hernia of the spine is also used if it is necessary to carry out a special endoscopic discectomy. The essence of the procedure is to insert the endoscope and instruments through a small incision. The doctor monitors his actions through a monitor, thanks to which the hernia is gradually removed. Such an operation does not cause any particular harm to healthy tissues.

Laser discectomy does not cause complications, so scars, hematomas and adhesions are not formed. The minimally invasive method allows it to be used to remove hernias of various sizes. Often the laser is used in intraoperative vascular coagulation, which avoids tissue heating, and the operation does not cause injury, so the nerve structures are not damaged.

The patient can move independently within a few hours after the operation. Reviews of patients who underwent such an operation are mostly positive. People report that the procedure was successful, without complications, and the treatment was effective.

A hernia of the spine is a pathology when the fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc, in the center of which the nucleus pulposus is located, breaks due to an increase in pressure inside the disc or when a direct damaging effect is exerted. The nucleus pulposus begins to protrude outward - this condition is called a hernia.

Now there are comments about the removal of herniated discs from those who were lying next to me.

Since I had gel polish on my nails, almost all the nurses of the department took it off for me using alcohol and other improvised means. By the way, it was fun and at least a little distracted from the disturbing thoughts about the upcoming operation to remove the intervertebral hernia.

The consequences of injury

Paresis (dysfunction) of the foot;

I will remember how it all began, at the same time I will introduce you to some of the symptoms of a herniated disc of the spine.

Also, an intervertebral hernia can be triggered by excess weight. Therefore, already at the beginning of treatment, before the laser procedure, you should think about your diet. Weight should be appropriate for height and age. Thanks to its normalization, the load on the spine will decrease, and the person will feel more comfortable.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapist, laser therapy, 25 years of experience

• Strengthening the back muscles will help keep your posture straight. In addition, you should comprehensively develop the abdominal muscles. Thus, the load on the spine will be reduced due to its transfer to these muscles. The development of an intervertebral hernia is closely related to posture. Therefore, regular exercise can prevent disease.

Massage

Specialists of the Moscow Health Workshop clinic use laser therapy in the treatment of various diseases.

Plus, laser therapy allows, and even recommends, additional methods of treatment: it is worth going to a massage therapist, for physical therapy or acupuncture, a chiropractor and other procedures that can affect the ligaments and muscles in the back. The above methods will be offered to you by a specialist of any professional clinic, because they are successfully used when a spinal hernia is removed by laser.

All soft tissues in the human body are easily permeable by directional light radiation. This means that the method by which a laser is used to remove a hernia of the spine allows therapy to be carried out without even disturbing the skin.

Sorry for the spelling, everyone spelled this word differently in the net. So if there is no side effect of laser VAPORIZATION, then why spend so much time and money on conservative treatment when it can be corrected in an hour, of course, given the size of the hernia (up to 6mm). Thanks! Waiting for your reply. In the meantime, there is no need to know about it. ”

Before getting up, I needed to wear compression stockings. It was hard to recover from anesthesia. I walked only with support. It is inconvenient to go to the toilet while standing, as well as to get up from a prone position - first you need to roll over on your stomach, then get on all fours and only then lower your feet to the floor one by one. Frantsevna, 73 years old.

Today, the following types of hernia surgery are most often practiced:

• I agreed to have herniated disc of the lumbar spine removed.
• Every year, the pain in the lower back became more intense and more frequent. The painful sensations became especially strong after the third birth. At that time I was already a little over 30, my daughter was 3 months old. One morning the pain became so severe that I could not step even step, get out of bed. The only forced body position in which the pain was more or less bearable was sitting. At the time, I did not have the opportunity to have an MRI scan to establish an accurate diagnosis of my disease. I took painkillers and underwent reflexomagnetic spinal relaxation. It became much easier for me, the pain subsided, and I even forgot how unbearably my back ache. I encountered other symptoms of intervertebral hernia after 3 years.
• As for swimming, two to three months after such a procedure as laser treatment of the spine, going to the pool will be an excellent way not only to strengthen the back muscles, but also give the opportunity to constantly develop it. Swimming is usually recommended at least 2 times a week. The average duration of a class is 50 minutes. In general, it does not matter in what style a person swims, but if he has problems with the cervical spine, then it is best of all - on the back.

Gymnastics.

How to start living without pain and worries

1. Laser therapy helps with osteochondrosis, intervertebral hernia, protrusion of intervertebral discs. Due to diseases of the musculoskeletal system, a person quickly gets tired, he may feel numbness in his arms and legs. Thanks to the procedure, stiffness in movements, pain in the back, neck, lower back, and chest disappears. Laser treatment reduces swelling and the size of the spinal hernia.
2. But the laser reconstruction procedure has an effect only in relation to the root cause of the disease - it puts in order the damage to the intervertebral discs. Those who preferred laser removal of a hernia of the spine agree on one thing - complex therapy leads you to the fastest and most comfortable return to normal life.
3. A beam of laser beams affects the affected area, the temperature increases in a point, "evaporating" the damaged area of \u200b\u200bthe disc. For everyone, a special treatment is selected with a certain type of nozzle, which ensure the achievement of the most effective procedure.
4. Any self-respecting surgeon will say that where it is possible to do without surgery, it is better to conduct conservative treatment. But there are many cases when surgical treatment is the method of choice, and would-be healers promise to cure the patient without surgery. The healers' wallets get fat, but the operation still has to be done. In the meantime, there is no need to know about it. ”

Immediately after the operation, the pain disappeared like a hand. She straightened up and began to walk evenly. It didn't hurt anywhere. Now (a month has passed since the operation) he sometimes shoots in the buttock. I was very worried about the question of intimate life. They said that you can be careful in a month and a half. Anya, 31 years old

Discectomy;

This disease can make itself felt at any age. Although the sources indicate that the "age of the hernia" is approximately 30 - 55 years. After 25 years, the spine "grows old", and without prevention, the risk of disease increases.

• Low back pain began to appear very often - after any physical activity. I picked up my daughter - my back hurts, I did fitness - she shoots in the lower back, I sat at the computer for a long time - I can hardly straighten up.
• In addition, with a hernia of the spine, you must quit smoking. The fact is that as a result of this bad habit, the vessels are greatly narrowed and thus prevent the intervertebral discs from receiving all the necessary components. The same goes for alcohol. Subsequently, moderate alcohol consumption and smoking cessation will also prevent the appearance of a hernia.
• Any of these procedures will have a beneficial effect on the back muscles and will significantly strengthen them. Moreover, such treatment can be continued both in the same clinic where the laser operation was performed, and in other medical institutions. The complex treatment task consists of two important stages, which are interrelated. Removing a hernia with a laser, also called laser vaporization of herniated discs, is just the root cause. And the subsequent recovery with the help of the complex is also the prevention of this problem.

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Laser therapy is effective for radiculitis, neuritis, neuralgia, and nervous tics. Due to diseases of the nervous system, headache, dizziness, nausea, tinnitus, fainting appear, memory deteriorates. The patient feels weakness in the arms and legs and may have trouble sleeping.

After a patient has undergone laser removal of a spinal hernia, physiotherapy exercises can be especially useful. It allows you to form a strengthened muscle frame on the back, which will exclude relapse and progression of degenerative changes, this will protect other parts of the spine.

In addition, exposure to temperature stimulates the process of regeneration and renewal of cartilage tissue. At the time of the operation, the patient is conscious - this makes it possible to track the progress of the procedure on the monitor.

• Fedya said: Sorry for the spelling, everyone spelled this word differently in the net. So if there is no side effect of laser VAPORIZATION, then why spend so much time and money on conservative treatment when it can be corrected in an hour, of course, given the size of the hernia (up to 6mm). Thanks! I am waiting for your reply. Click to expand ... The operation has efficacy and side effects. The efficiency of this type of operation, with a disc herniation of up to 6 mm and without rupture of the annulus fibrosus, is 60-70% (I do not give a link, on this forum it is possible, colleagues will correct the figure). Side effects are, of course, possible to death. Only with this type there are fewer of them. In the meantime, there is no need to know about it. ”
• After the operation, my leg did not stop hurting. The doctors said that this was within normal limits - the root was clamped for a long time and swelling. After the operation, you can sleep on your back, and on your stomach, and on your sides. They scared me that I would only have to lie on my stomach. After the operation, you cannot sit for a month or a month and a half and you must wear the same amount of corset. Of course, physical activity is limited. A sick leave is also given for 60 days. Sveta, 35 years old.
• Microdiscectomy;
• And after 55, the intervertebral discs are less mobile, so the risk of a hernia is reduced.
• Over time, the pain began to spread to the leg. You know, the feeling when it shoots in the back and kicks in the leg. The pain was tolerable, but very frequent.

You are tormented by discomfort at the site of the hernia protrusion ...

Preparing the patient for laser removal of hernia of the vertebra

Before removal, basic preparation is carried out, which does not require any specific actions. The basis of all preparation is an attempt to exclude the presence of contraindications in the patient. In addition, the nuances of the course of an intervertebral hernia are revealed, which allows for a much more efficient and safer operation.

Preparation for such treatment includes:

1. Examination of the patient by a neurosurgeon.
2. X-ray and / or computed tomography (less commonly used magnetic resonance imaging).
3. Removing the electrocardiogram of the heart.
4. Biochemical analyzes of blood and urine.

Laser treatment of vertebral hernia

You may also need to consult a therapist and anesthesiologist (especially if general anesthesia will be performed). The last meal should be 10 hours before the procedure. To the menu

Treatment of a hernia of the spine with a laser is indicated for patients with pathologies at an early stage, when there is still the possibility of recovery without a radical approach. Laser irradiation of an intervertebral hernia is also the final stage in the removal of discs, which makes it possible to accelerate the restoration of spinal tissues and shorten the rehabilitation period. Laser vaporization for hernia, as the reviews show, is effective for patients of different ages, with the exception of people with contraindications.

Immediately after the laser vaporization, the patient becomes easier, the pain syndrome is stopped, the stiffness of movements disappears. Under the influence of the laser, cellular structures begin to recover, which occurs several months after the procedure.

Treatment of a hernia of the spine with a laser does not leave traces after the operation, the patient can return to his usual life on the first day after the operation to remove the protrusion. Removal of discs with a laser eliminates the risk of postoperative complications and recurrence of the disease, in addition, the operation does not require anesthesia, therefore such treatment is ideal for people with intolerance to pain relief.

Method of conducting

Removal of residual tissue after disc removal surgery is performed by irradiating the operating area as the final stage of treatment. But laser vaporization refers to independent methods of treatment of intervertebral pathology. The intensity of the irradiation is optimal for partial evaporation of the liquid, but the cartilaginous tissue is not destroyed, during which the disc gradually falls into place.

Removal of excess fluid leads to the reverse development of the disease, the defect returns to the body of the disc. Before the start of the procedure, local anesthesia is performed on the tissues at the injection site, and the entire procedure is monitored by a computer tomograph.

1. The operation is performed under local anesthesia; there is no need for general anesthesia.
2. The needle pierces the intervertebral disc 2 cm.
3. A quartz fiber light guide is inserted through the needle.
4. The laser is exposed to the disc.

An improvement in the patient's condition is observed already at the time of the procedure, when the fluid is removed. This is confirmed by the reviews of patients who have undergone laser treatment of intervertebral hernia. Surgery for lesions of the cervical spine is most effective, recovery occurs within a few weeks after the procedure.

Contraindications

Laser vaporization is not performed in such cases:

• acute inflammation in the spine;
• tumor of any localization;
• period of pregnancy;
• toxic poisoning, nervous overexcitation, mental illness;
• infections of an acute or chronic nature.

Compliance with safety measures, and the correctly chosen operation will be an effective option for the treatment of spinal hernia with a minimal risk of recurrence (0.2%).

The significant variability in the structure of the superficial venous network of the lower extremities is aggravated by the discrepancy in the names of the veins and the presence of a large number of surnames, especially in the names of the perforating veins. To eliminate such discrepancies and create a unified terminology for the veins of the lower extremities, the International Interdisciplinary Consensus on Venous Anatomical Nomenclature was created in Rome in 2001. According to him, all the veins of the lower extremities are conventionally divided into three systems:

1 superficial veins
2.Deep veins
3. Perforating veins.

Superficial veins lie between the skin and the deep (muscular) fascia. In this case, the GSV is in its own fascial sheath formed by the splitting of the superficial fascia. The trunk of the MPV is also in its own fascial sheath, the outer wall of which is the superficial layer of the muscle fascia.

Superficial veins provide the outflow of approximately 10% of the blood from the lower extremities. Deep veins are located in spaces deeper than this muscle fascia. In addition, deep veins always accompany the arteries of the same name, which is not the case with superficial veins. Deep veins provide the main drainage of blood - 90% of all blood from the lower extremities flows through them. Perforating veins pierce the deep fascia, connecting the superficial and deep veins.

The term "communicating veins" is reserved for the veins connecting one or another vein of the same system (ie, either superficial to each other or deep to each other).
Major superficial veins:
1. Large saphenous vein
vena saphena magna, in English literature - great saphenous vein (GSV). It has its origin in the medial marginal vein of the foot. Goes upward along the medial surface of the lower leg, and then the thigh. It is drained into the BV at the level of the inguinal fold. Has 10-15 valves. The superficial fascia on the thigh splits into two sheets, forming a channel for the GSV and cutaneous nerves. This fascial canal is considered by many authors as a protective outer "cover" that protects the GSV trunk when the pressure in it increases, from excessive stretching.
On the thigh, the GSV trunk and its large tributaries in relation to the fascia can assume three main types of relative position:

2. The most permanent BPW inflows:
2.1 Intersaphenic vein (s) (vena (e)) intersaphena (e)) in the English-language literature - intersaphenous vein (s) - goes (go) along the medial surface of approximately the lower leg. Connects BPV and MPV. Often has connections with the perforating veins of the medial surface of the leg.

2.2 Posterior thigh-surrounding vein (vena circumflexa femoris posterior), in English literature - posterior thigh circumflex vein. It may have as its source the SSV, as well as the lateral venous system. It rises from the back of the thigh, wraps around it, and drains into the BPV.

2.3 Anterior thigh-surrounding vein (vena circumflexa femoris anterior), in English literature - anterior thigh circumflex vein. May have its origin in the lateral venous system. It rises along the front of the thigh, wrapping around it, and drains into the BPV.

2.4 Posterior accessory great saphenous vein (vena saphena magna accessoria posterior), in English literature - posterior accessory great saphenous vein (a segment of this vein on the lower leg is called the posterior arched vein or Leonardo's vein). This is the name of any venous segment on the thigh and lower leg that runs parallel and posterior to the GSV.

2.5 Anterior accessory great saphenous vein (vena saphena magna accessoria anterior), in English literature - anterior accessory great saphenous vein. This is the name of any venous segment on the thigh and lower leg that runs parallel and anterior to the GSV.

2.6 Superficial accessory great saphenous vein (vena saphena magna accessoria superficialis), in English literature - superficial accessory great saphenous vein. This is the name of any venous segment on the thigh and lower leg running parallel to the GSV and superficially relative to its fascial sheath.

2.7 Inguinal venous plexus (confluens venosus subinguinalis), in the English-language literature - confluence of superficial inguinal veins. It is a terminal section of the BV near the anastomosis with BV. In addition to the last three tributaries listed, there are three fairly constant tributaries:
superficial epigastric vein (v.epigastrica superficialis)
external pudendal vein (v.pudenda externa)
superficial vein surrounding the ilium (v. circumflexa ilei superficialis).
In the English-language literature there is a long-established term Crosse denoting this anatomical segment of the GSV with the listed tributaries (this term came from the resemblance to a stick for playing lacrosse. Lacrosse is a Canadian national game of Indian origin. Players with a stick with a net at the end (crosse) should catch heavy rubber ball and throw it into the opponent's goal).

3. Small saphenous vein
vena saphena parva, in English literature - small saphenous vein. It has its origin in the outer marginal vein of the foot.

It rises along the back of the lower leg and flows into the popliteal vein, most often at the level of the popliteal fold. Receives the following tributaries:

3.1 Superficial accessory small saphenous vein (vena saphena parva accessoria superficialis), in English literature - superficial accessory small saphenous vein. It runs parallel to the MPV trunk above the superficial leaf of its fascial sheath. Often flows independently into the popliteal vein.

3.2 Cranial extension of the small saphenous vein (extensio cranialis venae saphenae parvae), in the English literature cranial extension of the small saphenous vein. Previously called the femoropopliteal vein (v. Femoropoplitea). It is a rudiment of an embryonic intervenous anastomosis. When there is an anastomosis between this vein and the posterior thigh vein from the GSV system, it is called the Giacomini vein.

4. Lateral venous system
systema venosa lateralis membri inferioris, in the English-language literature - lateral venous system. Located on the lateral surface of the thigh and lower leg. It is assumed that it is a rudiment of the lateral marginal vein system that existed in the embryonic period.

Undoubtedly, they have their own names and only the main clinically significant venous collectors are listed. Given the high diversity of the structure of the superficial venous network, other superficial veins not included here should be named according to their anatomical localization.

Perforating veins:

1. Perforating veins of the foot

1.1 dorsal perforating veins of the foot

1.2 medial perforating veins of the foot

1.3 lateral perforating veins of the foot

1.4 plantar perforating veins of the foot

2. Perforating veins of the ankle

2.1 medial perforating veins of the ankle

2.2 anterior perforating veins of the ankle

2.3 lateral perforating veins of the ankle

3. Perforating veins of the leg

3.1 medial perforating veins of the leg

1 paratibial perforating veins

2 posterior tibial perforating veins

3.2 anterior perforating veins of the leg

3.3 lateral perforating veins of the leg

3.4 posterior perforating veins of the leg

3.4.1 medial gastrocnemius perforating veins

3.4.2 lateral gastrocnemius perforating veins

3.4.3 intercapital perforating veins

3.4.4 paraachillary perforating veins

4. Perforating veins of the knee joint area

4.1 medial perforating veins of the knee joint area

4.2 supra-patellar perforating veins

4.3 perforating veins of the lateral surface of the knee joint

4.4 subpatellar perforating veins

The schematic structure of the vessel wall of the venous system of the lower extremities is shown in Fig. 17.1.

Tunica intima vein is represented by a monolayer of endothelial cells, which is separated from tunica media a layer of elastic fibers; thin tunica media consists of spirally oriented smooth muscle cells; tunica externa represented by a dense network of collagen fibers. Large veins are surrounded by dense fascia.

Figure: 17.1. The structure of the vein wall (diagram):
1 - inner shell ( tunica intima); 2 - middle shell ( tunica media);
3 - outer shell ( tunica externa); 4 - venous valve ( valvula venosa).
Modified according to the Atlas of Human Anatomy (Fig. 695). Sinelnikov R.D.,
Sinelnikov Ya.R. Atlas of human anatomy. Textbook. manual in 4 volumes. T. 3. The doctrine of vessels. - M .: Medicine, 1992.S. 12.

The most important feature of venous vessels is the presence of semilunar valves that prevent retrograde blood flow, blocking the lumen of the vein during its formation, and open, pressing against the wall with pressure and the flow of blood flowing to the heart. At the base of the valve cusps, smooth muscle fibers form a circular sphincter, the cusps of the venous valves consist of a connective tissue base, the frame of which is a spur of the internal elastic membrane.

The maximum number of valves is observed in the distal parts of the extremities, in the proximal direction it gradually decreases (the presence of valves in the common femoral or external iliac veins is a rare phenomenon). Due to the normal operation of the valve apparatus, a unidirectional centripetal current is provided.

The total capacity of the venous system is much larger than the arterial one (veins reserve about 70% of all blood). This is due to the fact that venules are much larger than arterioles; in addition, venules have a larger internal diameter.

The venous system has less resistance to blood flow than the arterial system; therefore, the pressure gradient required to move blood through it is much less than in the arterial system. The maximum pressure gradient in the outflow system exists between the venules (15 mm Hg) and the vena cava (0 mm Hg).

Veins are capacitive, thin-walled vessels capable of stretching and receiving large amounts of blood when internal pressure rises.

A slight increase in venous pressure leads to a significant increase in the volume of deposited blood. At low venous pressure, the thin wall of the veins collapses; at high pressure, the collagen network becomes rigid, which limits the elasticity of the vessel. This compliance limit is very important for limiting blood flow into the veins of the lower extremities during orthostasis.

In an upright position of a person, gravity pressure increases the hydrostatic arterial and venous pressure in the lower extremities.

The venous system of the lower extremities consists of deep, superficial and perforating veins (Fig. 17.2). The deep vein system of the lower limb includes:

• inferior vena cava;
• common and external iliac veins;
• common femoral vein;
• femoral vein (accompanies the superficial femoral artery);
• deep vein of the thigh;
• popliteal vein;
• medial and lateral sural veins;
• leg veins (paired):
• peroneal,
• anterior and posterior tibials.

Figure: 17.2. Deep and saphenous veins of the lower extremity (diagram). Modified by: Sinelnikov R.D., Sinelnikov Y.R. Atlas of human anatomy. Textbook. allowance in 4
volumes. T. 3. The doctrine of vessels. - M .: Medicine, 1992.S. 171 (Fig. 831).

The veins of the lower leg form the dorsal and deep plantar arches of the foot.

The system of superficial veins includes the large saphenous and small saphenous veins. The zone where the great saphenous vein flows into the common femoral vein is called the sapheno-femoral fistula, the zone where the lesser saphenous vein flows into the popliteal vein is called the parvo-popliteal fistula, and the ostial valves are located in the fistula area.

Many tributaries flow into the mouth of the great saphenous vein, collecting blood not only from the lower limb, but also from the external genital organs, the anterior abdominal wall, skin and subcutaneous tissue of the gluteal region (v. pudenda externa, v. epigastrica superficialis, v. circumflexa ilei superficialis, v. saphena accessoria medialis, v. saphena accessoria lateralis).

The trunks of the hypodermic lines are fairly permanent anatomical structures, but the structure of their tributaries is very diverse.

The most clinically significant are Giacomini's vein, which is a continuation of the lesser saphenous vein and flows either into the deep or superficial vein at any level of the thigh, and Leonardo's vein is the medial inflow of the great saphenous vein on the lower leg (it is into it that most of the perforating veins of the medial surface of the leg fall).

Superficial veins communicate with deep ones through perforating veins. The main feature of the latter is passing through the fascia. Most of these veins have valves oriented so that blood flows from the superficial veins to the deep ones. There are valveless perforating veins located predominantly in the foot.

Perforating veins are subdivided into direct and indirect. Straight lines directly connect the deep and superficial veins, they are larger (for example, the veins of the Cockett). Indirect perforating veins connect the saphenous branch with the muscular branch, which directly or indirectly connects to the deep vein.

The localization of the perforating veins, as a rule, does not have a clear anatomical orientation, however, the zones where they are most often projected are distinguished. These are the lower third of the medial surface of the lower leg (Cockett perforators), the middle third of the medial surface of the lower leg (Sherman perforators), the upper third of the medial surface of the lower leg (Boyd's perforators), the lower third of the medial surface of the thigh (Gunther perforators) and the middle third of the medial surface of the thigh (Dodd perforators) ).

All vessels in the legs are divided into arteries and veins of the lower limb, which in turn are subdivided into superficial and deep. Arteries are characterized by thick and elastic walls with smooth muscles, this is due to the fact that blood is thrown through them under strong pressure. The structure of the veins is somewhat different.

Vein structure

Their structure has a thinner layer of muscle mass and is less elastic, since the blood pressure in them is several times lower than in the artery.

The veins contain valves that are responsible for the correct direction of blood circulation. Arteries, in turn, do not have valves. This is the main difference between the anatomy of the veins of the lower extremities from the arteries.

Pathologies can be associated with impaired functioning of the arteries and veins. The walls of blood vessels change, which leads to serious disturbances in blood circulation.

Kinds

There are 3 types of veins in the lower extremities. It:

• superficial;
• deep;
• the connecting type of veins of the lower extremities is perfonant.

Surface

They have several types, each of which has its own characteristics, and they are all located immediately under the skin.

• MVP or small subcutaneous;
• BVP - large subcutaneous;
• skin - located under the back of the ankle and plantar zone.

Almost all of them have various branches that freely communicate with each other and are called tributaries.

Diseases of the lower extremities occur due to the transformation of the subcutaneous blood channels. They are caused by high blood pressure, which can be difficult to resist to a damaged vessel wall.

Deep

Located deep in muscle tissue. These include blood channels running through the muscles in the knee, lower leg, thigh, and sole.

Outflow of blood in 90% occurs through deep veins. The layout starts from the back of the foot. From here, blood continues to drain into the tibial veins. On a third of the lower leg, it flows into the popliteal vein. Together, they then form the femoral-popliteal canal called the femoral vein, which travels to the heart.

Perfonant

They are a connection between deep and superficial veins. They got their name from the functions of piercing the anatomical partitions. Most of them are equipped with valves that are located suprafascial. The outflow of blood depends on the functional load.

Functions

The main function is to carry blood from the capillaries back to the heart, carrying beneficial nutrients and oxygen along with the blood, thanks to its complex structure.

They transfer blood in one direction - up, using valves. These valves simultaneously prevent blood from returning in the opposite direction.

What doctors treat

If the problem occurs in the lower or upper limbs, an angiologist should be consulted. It is he who deals with the problems of the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

When contacting a doctor, the following type of diagnostics will most likely be prescribed:

• duplex ultrasound examination.

Only after accurate diagnosis, the angiologist prescribes complex therapy.

Possible diseases

Various diseases of the veins of the lower extremities occur due to different reasons.

The main causes of leg vein pathologies:

• trauma;
• chronic diseases;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• improper nutrition;
• long period of immobilization;
• bad habits;
• changes in blood composition;
• age.

Heavy loads are one of the main causes of emerging diseases. This is especially true for vascular pathologies.

Possible diseases

Diseases of the veins of the lower extremities can occur due to various reasons. The main ones are:

• hereditary predisposition;
• trauma;
• chronic diseases;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• improper nutrition;
• long period of immobilization;
• bad habits;
• changes in blood composition;
• inflammatory processes occurring in the vessels;
• age.

Heavy loads are one of the main causes of emerging diseases. This is especially true for vascular pathologies. If the disease is recognized in a timely manner and its treatment begins, it is possible to avoid numerous complications.

To identify diseases of the deep veins of the lower extremities, you should familiarize yourself with their symptoms.

Possible symptoms:

• changes in the temperature balance of the skin in the limbs;
• and muscle contraction;
• swelling and pain in the feet and legs;
• the appearance of venous channels on the skin surface;
• fast fatigue when walking;
• the occurrence of ulcers.

One of the first symptoms is fatigue and pain with prolonged walking. In this case, the legs begin to "buzz". This sign is an indicator of a developing chronic process.

Often in the evening, cramps occur in the foot and calf muscle. Many people do not perceive this condition of the legs as an alarming symptom, consider it the norm after a hard day at work.

Timely accurate diagnosis helps to avoid the development and further progression of diseases such as:

• varicose veins;
• thrombosis;
• thrombophlebitis;

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis in the early stages of the development of the disease is a complex process. During this period, the symptoms are not pronounced. That is why many people are in no hurry for help from a specialist.

Modern methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics make it possible to adequately assess the condition of the blood channels. For the most complete picture of the pathology, a complex of laboratory studies is used, including biochemical and general analysis of blood and urine.

An instrumental diagnostic method is chosen in order to correctly prescribe an adequate method of treatment or to clarify the diagnosis. Additional instrumental methods are prescribed at the discretion of the doctor.

The most popular diagnostic methods are duplex and triplex scanning of blood vessels. They allow better visualization of arterial and venous examinations by staining veins in red and arteries in blue shades. Simultaneously with the use of Doppler sonography, it is possible to analyze the blood flow in the vessels.

Until today, ultrasound was considered the most common research. But, at the moment it has lost its relevance. Its place was taken by more effective research methods, one of which is computed tomography.

For research, a method or diagnosis is used. It is a more expensive and more efficient method. Does not require the use of contrast agents for its conduct.

Only after accurate diagnosis, the doctor will be able to prescribe the most effective comprehensive treatment method.

The topographic anatomy and structure of the human circulatory system, which includes the veins in the legs, are quite complex. Topographic anatomy is a science that studies the structure as well as the relationship of anatomical units. Topographic anatomy is of applied importance, since it is the basis for operative surgery. Topographic anatomy allows you to determine the location and structure of the circulatory system to understand the nature of the disease, as well as find the best treatment methods.

Veins are the vessels through which blood flows to the heart, giving oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs. The venous system has a peculiar structure, due to which capacitive properties are provided. The circulatory system also has a complex structure, which causes many diseases that affect the veins in the legs.

The circulatory system is essential for life. The circulatory system provides nutrition to tissues and organs, saturates them with oxygen, carries various hormones necessary for the normal functioning of the body. The general topographic scheme of the circulatory system is represented by two circles of blood circulation: large and small. The circulatory system consists of a pump (heart) and blood vessels.

All veins in the legs take part in the outflow of blood from the lower extremities. They are hollow elastic tubes. The blood tube has the property of stretching to a certain limit. Thanks to collagen and reticulin fibers, the veins of the lower extremities have a dense frame. They need elasticity because of the pressure difference that occurs in the body. In the case of their excessive expansion, we can talk about a disease such as varicose veins.

The walls of a human vessel consist of several layers and have the following structure:

• outer layer (adventitia) - it is dense, formed by collagen fibers to ensure the elasticity of the vessel;
• the middle layer (media) consists of smooth muscle fibers, which are arranged in a spiral;
• inner layer (intima).

The middle layer of superficial veins has more smooth muscle fibers than deep veins. This is due to the higher pressure applied to the superficial veins. Valves are located along the entire length of the vein (for every 8–10 cm). The valves prevent the blood from flowing back due to the force of gravity and ensure the correct direction of the blood flow. The valves are quite dense and durable flaps. The valve system is capable of withstanding pressures up to 300 mm Hg. But over time, their density, as well as their number, decreases, which becomes the cause of many diseases in middle-aged and older people.

When the blood flow touches the valve, it closes. Then a signal is transmitted to the muscular sphincter, which triggers the valve expansion mechanism, and the blood flows on. A consistent pattern of such actions pushes the blood up and does not allow it to come back. The movement of blood to the heart in humans is ensured not only by the vessels, but also by the muscles of the lower leg. Muscles squeeze and literally "squeeze" the blood up.

The valves set the correct direction of the blood. This mechanism works when a person is moving. At rest, the calf muscles are not involved in the movement of blood. Stagnant processes can occur in the lower extremities. The disturbed outflow of blood leads to the fact that the blood has nowhere to go, it collects in the vessel and gradually stretches its walls.

The valve, which is two leaflets, ceases to close completely and can pass blood in the opposite direction.

Venous system device

The topographic anatomy of the human venous system, depending on the location, is conventionally divided into superficial and deep. The deepest veins take the greatest load, since up to 90% of the total blood volume passes through them. Superficial veins account for only 10% of the blood. Superficial vessels are located directly under the skin. Topographic anatomy highlights the great and small saphenous veins, the veins of the plantar zone and the dorsum of the ankle, as well as the branches.

The saphenous vein of the leg is the longest in the human body, it can have up to ten valves. The saphenous vein starts at the inner leg vein and then connects to the femoral vein in the groin. Its topographic scheme is such that, along its entire length, it includes the venous branches of the thigh and lower leg, as well as eight large trunks. The small saphenous vein of the leg begins from the outer area of \u200b\u200bthe foot. Bending around the lower leg from behind, under the knee, it connects with the veins of the deep system.

In the foot and ankle, two venous networks are formed: the venous subsystem of the plantar part and the subsystem of the dorsum of the foot. The superficial veins on the legs of a person are located in the fat layer and do not have the muscle support that deeper vessels have. It is because of this that superficial veins are more likely to suffer from diseases. But the deep veins of the legs of a person are completely surrounded by muscles that provide them with support and facilitate the movement of blood. The topographic diagram of the dorsal arches forms the anterior tibial veins, and the plantar arch forms the posterior tibial and receiving peroneal venous vessels.

Superficial and deep veins are interconnected: through the perforating veins there is a constant release of blood from the superficial veins into the deep ones. This is necessary in order to remove excess pressure on the superficial veins. These vessels also have valves, which, in various diseases, can stop closing, collapse and lead to various trophic changes.

The topographic layout of the veins defines the following zones: perforators of the medial, lateral and posterior zones. Veins of the medial and lateral groups are called straight, because they combine the superficial veins with the posterior tibial and peroneal veins. The posterior group of veins is not included in the large vessels - and therefore they are called indirect venous vessels.

Two venous systems - deep and superficial - are connected and merge into each other. These connecting vessels are called perforating vessels.

Diseases of the veins of the lower extremities

Problems with blood vessels in the legs are more common in middle-aged and mature people. But recently, such diseases have become very much younger and are found even in adolescents. Diseases are more common in women than in men. But anatomically, the vessels of men and women do not differ.

Varicose veins in the legs

The most common disease of the lower extremities is varicose veins. Although it is more common in women, it is not uncommon in older men. With varicose veins, the walls of the vessels lose their elasticity, stretch, as a result of which the valves inside the vessel cease to close.

The factors that provoke the occurrence of varicose veins include:

• hereditary predisposition;
• bad habits;
• excess weight;

Another common vascular disease on the legs is thrombophlebitis. There are other diseases as well.

Ailment	Clinic	Spread
Thrombophlebitis is the formation of a blood clot that has arisen at the site of the inflamed vein wall.	Congestive processes in the legs, poor circulation and increased blood clotting can lead to the development of thrombophlebitis.	The disease is more common in men than in women. This is due to the fact that men have thicker blood. Another factor that provokes the occurrence of thrombophlebitis in men is their more frequent presence of bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse). A blood clot is also the main cause of heart attacks in men.
Phlebopathy (Restless Legs Syndrome) is stagnation of blood in the venous system.	In addition to fatigue and heaviness in the legs, the disease has no clinical manifestations.	More common in women than men. This is due to pregnancy and heavy stress on the legs.
Atherosclerosis - manifests itself as a result of blockage of blood vessels.	Cholesterol plaques form on the walls of blood vessels, which over time reduce the lumen in the vessels and interfere with normal blood flow.	In men, the disease is quite rare, the majority of patients are women. It is connected, first of all, with unhealthy diet.

You can prevent the appearance of problems with blood vessels. To do this, you need to follow simple and well-known recommendations: healthy eating, playing sports, walking in the fresh air, giving up bad habits. A positive outlook and optimism will also help maintain your health and beauty.