Equipment: jar-container for urine - 200 ml, direction-label pasted on the jar-container.

Preparation for the procedure

• 2. Explain the purpose of the study and obtain informed consent from the patient for the study.

In outpatient and inpatient settings:

• 3. Teach the patient the technique of collecting urine for clinical analysis:
  • ? in the morning on the day of the study, wash;
  • ? open a container for urine;
  • ? allocate the first stream of urine into the toilet at the expense of "one, two";
  • ? delay urination;
  • ? collect 150-200 ml of urine in a container jar (complete urination into the toilet);
  • ? close the container with a lid. It is allowed to store urine in a refrigerator at a temperature of 2-4 ° C, but not more than 1.5 hours;
  • ? explain to the patient where he should leave the container with urine and the direction and to whom to inform about it;
  • ? ask the patient to repeat all the information received from you (provide the patient with written information if he has learning difficulties).

Patient preparation and collection of urine for sugar

Purpose: to determine the daily amount of sugar in the urine for diagnosis diabetes.

Equipment: 2-5-liter clean glass jar with a lid, a container jar with a capacity of 200 ml, a direction-label to the clinical laboratory.

Sequencing

• 1. Create a trusting, confidential relationship with the patient.
• 2. Explain the purpose of the study and obtain patient consent.
• 3. Explain to the patient that he must observe the usual water-food and motor regimen and collect urine during the day.
• 4. Teach the patient how to collect urine for research:
  • ? collect all the excreted urine in a large jar during the day (until 6.00 the next day). Store in a cool place;
  • ? measure the total amount of urine (daily diuresis), record the result in the direction;
  • ? mix (shake) the daily amount of urine in the jar;
  • ? pour 100-200 ml of urine into a separately prepared jar container for delivery to the laboratory;
  • ? stick a label-direction indicating the daily diuresis (daily amount of urine) on a jar with a capacity of 200 ml.
• 5. Ask the patient to repeat all the information received from you (provide the patient with written information if he has learning difficulties).
• 6. Give the patient a referral for research by filling it out in the form.
• 7. Explain to the patient where and at what time he or his close relatives should bring a container with urine and the direction in which the daily amount of urine is indicated.

Purpose: to determine the amount of formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and cylinders) in the urine.

Equipment: a sterile container for collecting urine with a capacity of 100-200 ml, direction-label according to the shape. For washing: Esmarch's jug or mug, sterile wipes, cortsang, oilcloth, diaper, vessel, a weak solution of potassium permanganate (pink).

Sequencing

• 2. Make a referral to the laboratory.
• 3. Provide the patient with laboratory glassware and referral the night before.
• 4. Conduct a briefing on the rules for preparing for the study: teach the patient the technique of washing before collecting urine or thoroughly wash the external genitalia before collecting urine for a seriously ill patient.
• 5. Teach urine collection techniques:
  • ? allocate the first stream of urine into the toilet (or vessel) at the expense of "one, two";
  • ? delay urination;
  • ? excrete urine into a jar container in an amount of at least 10 ml;
  • ? delay urination, set aside the jar container;
  • ? complete urination into the toilet;
  • ? close the jar container with a lid;
  • ? stick a label-direction on the container-jar;
  • ? it is allowed to store urine in a refrigerator at a temperature of 2-4 ° C, but not more than 1.5 hours;
  • ? explain to the patient where and at what time to take the container-jar with urine and direction. On an outpatient basis, explain to the patient (or his relatives) how to deliver urine to the clinical laboratory.
• 6. Ask the patient to repeat all the information received (provide written information if the patient has learning difficulties).

Purpose: to study the excretory (amount of urine) and concentration (specific gravity) function of the kidneys.

Equipment: eight jars-containers with a capacity of 200-300 ml with glued labels, designed according to the form, indicating the time of urine collection: 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-18, 18-21, 21-24, 24 -3, 3-6 hours and, two or three additional jars-containers in case of frequent urination (pollakiuria) or polyuria (increased diuresis daily or one-time).

Sequencing

• 1. Establish a trusting relationship with the patient: explain to the patient the meaning and necessity of the upcoming study and obtain oral consent to the study.
• 2. Provide the patient the night before with laboratory glassware with directions-labels.
• 3. Conduct briefing to ensure the reliability of the research result:
  • ? observe the usual water-salt and motor regime, as they affect the excretory and concentration function of the kidneys;
  • ? do not take diuretics, as they distort the daily diuresis.
• 4. Teach urine collection techniques:
  • ? explain to the patient that urine collection will take place during the day;
  • ? at 6.00 to offer the patient to release urine into the toilet;
  • ? at 9.00 collect the entire portion of urine in the first container, then every 3 hours in separate jars-containers indicating the time of collection;
  • ? explain that with frequent urination or the release of more urine, collect urine in an additional dish, indicating the appropriate time interval;
  • ? explain that if there is no urine for a period of time, the corresponding can-container remains empty, the label says “lack of a portion of urine” and is delivered along with the rest to the laboratory;
  • ? warn the patient that he will be awakened at night to collect the appropriate portion of urine (relatives or a nurse);
  • ? explain and show the place where to put the jars-containers with urine.
• 5. Take into account all the liquid taken per day, as prescribed by the doctor and keep a record of the water balance.
• 6. Ask the patient to repeat all the information received from the nurse (provide the patient with written information if he has learning difficulties).
• 7. Monitor the implementation of the procedure, make an entry in the medical records.
• 8. Deliver all portions to the laboratory.

Correctly passing a general urine test is a very important task, which must be taken as seriously as possible, since urine collection for bacteriological examination is carried out for the sake of making a diagnosis, on which the outcome and further prognosis of treatment largely depend. There is a certain algorithm for collecting urine for a general analysis, following which the patient can rely on the fact that the data obtained as a result will be as accurate as possible.

Purpose of a urinalysis

Urine is a naturally occurring substance that is designed to remove from the body harmful substances formed in the course of life.

The composition of urine correlates with the composition of the blood, reflects the work of the kidneys, as well as the condition of the urinary tract.

A standard urinalysis includes a number of studies, namely:

• organoleptic, that is, aimed at studying foaminess and other indicators;
• physico-chemical, reflective content various substances in urine, for example, protein or;
• microbiological, the purpose of which is.

Various kinds of urine tests are very important for diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, as they reveal the following changes that occur in the human body:

• the presence and degree of development of inflammatory processes (for example,);
• changes in metabolic processes;
• violations in the work of individual organs.

Urinalysis allows you to identify many diseases at an early stage, which is crucial in their treatment.

Preparing the patient for a general urinalysis is of paramount importance, since violation of the rules for sampling can lead to the fact that the urine will not be studied adequately, as a result of which the diagnosis and treatment will lose objectivity.

Preparation for analysis

Collecting urine for a general analysis involves some preparation, which is carried out in a couple of days. Preparation includes several steps:

1. Diet food for one to two days before collection, which will improve the analysis of urine before donation. Products containing chemical dyes, drills and carrots, spicy and fatty foods are what you can not eat before passing urine. Acute and fatty creates an excessive burden on the kidneys, which significantly distorts the readings, and coloring products change the organoleptic readings of urine.
2. Reception medicines, vitamins, mineral complexes And herbal preparations it is also recommended to exclude, but this must be agreed with the attending physician, who should be aware of what drugs his patient is taking.
3. Reduce physical activity, which also affects the condition of the kidneys.
4. Make sure that the body is not dehydrated. Need to drink enough clean water, and excessive consumption of tea and coffee should be discarded, as they remove fluid from the body.

As a rule, patients have a question about whether it is possible to drink water before passing urine. Most experts recommend not to change the usual drinking regimen.

In order to properly collect urine for a general analysis, it is important to know not only what you can not eat before passing urine, how and how much to drink, but also when and how to collect urine correctly.

collection time

The best time to collect material for analysis will be in the morning, immediately after waking up. This portion of urine most accurately reflects the state of the body, because:

• a significant portion accumulates during the night;
• a portion of morning urine contains all the substances that the body got rid of during the night, therefore, it will be easier to identify violations in the functioning of the kidneys and other organs.

There are two approaches to the timing of urine collection. Some doctors insist that urine must be collected in the morning, when you first visit the toilet. If for some reason it was not possible to collect the first morning portion of urine, this can be done after about two to three hours after waking up, on an empty stomach.

There are also a number of doctors who claim that urine can be collected the day before. Those who hold this opinion refer to the fact that modern reagents used for analysis make it possible to objectively reflect all pathological processes regardless of the amount and time of urine collection. At this approach store urine for analysis should be in a cold place, no more than half a day.

It is completely pointless to try to freeze urine for analysis in the freezer in order to provide it to the laboratory in a few days. When frozen, all organoleptic and microbiological indicators of the liquid change, and the analysis will not be able to show objective data.

Questions about whether a urine sample can be collected from the evening and whether a urine sample can be stored in the refrigerator should be asked to the attending physician. Because it is the workers medical institution know about the nuances of the laboratory and how much urine analysis is done there, he will tell you exactly what rules to follow.

In any case, the sooner the analysis is performed and the fresher the urine is, the more accurate and comprehensive the results will be.

Urine collection algorithm

The most commonly ordered test is a complete urinalysis, or CAM. It is necessary to take OAM correctly, adhering to the following rules:

• wash the genitals;
• drain a few drops of the first urine;
• drain the middle portion of urine into a container;
• stop urinating, set aside the container and drain the rest of the urine;
• when filling the container, it is important not to lean it against the body, this is important for the objectivity of microbiological data.

There are certain rules for collecting urine for general analysis, on which the objectivity of the data obtained during the analysis also depends. It should be noted that these algorithms are somewhat different for men and women.

Urine collection procedure for women

The rules for passing urine for tests for women mean that this is not recommended during menstruation, of course, if the patient's illness does not imply urgency. In order to properly pass urine for analysis, women need to correctly wash their genitals, making hand movements towards anus. This is done so that colonies of bacteria from the perineum do not get into the ureter area.

In order not to bring bacteria into the container with urine, the genitals after washing should be thoroughly wiped with a sterile cloth, also making movements from front to back.

Of particular importance is a general urine test for a pregnant woman, since the condition of her kidneys accurately reflects not only the changes taking place in her body, but also in the body of the fetus. Therefore, how carefully future mom adheres to the rules presented, the health and quality of life of her and her unborn child depends.

Collection container

A jar for urine is called a container, and it is easiest to buy it at a pharmacy. Specialized containers are made of food-grade plastic that does not react with the contents. In addition, these containers are sterile, that is, they can store urine until delivery for as long as possible, according to the rules, without fear that it will lose its properties or become infected.

If it is not possible to purchase containers for the purpose in question, you can prepare the container yourself. To do this, you need to choose a glass jar or other container made of glass, preferably dark.

Plastic containers made from an unknown type of plastic should be avoided, as it can react with substances in the urine, which can defeat the best efforts of both the patient and laboratory staff.

Do not use to collect analyzes and containers in which they were stored food products, with a fat content, such as mayonnaise, sour cream, sauces. Because of this, the analysis may show an increased protein content.

Having found a suitable container, it must be disinfected by boiling for five minutes, or, if this is not possible, at least simply scalded with boiling water. It is also not worth using disinfectant liquids, they can change the chemical composition of urine.

As a rule, the capacity should be approximately one hundred milliliters. Approximately fifty milliliters of liquid is how much urine is needed for an adult analysis, if we are talking about a general urine test. Capacity must be selected taking into account this quantity. If the container is too large, the contents run the risk of being shaken strongly during transportation, which cannot but affect its organoleptic properties.

Delivery laboratory

Best Option is the immediate delivery of urine to the laboratory. The most objective result of the analysis assumes that the patient brings the container of urine to the laboratory no later than two hours after collection.

If it is not possible to deliver the tests on time, the following conditions must be observed:

• avoid shaking and shaking the contents of the container;
• store the container at a positive temperature, about five to eight degrees.

According to experts, in some cases it does not make sense to keep a container with a morning portion of urine for several hours. Therefore, if it is not possible to provide fresh morning urine to the laboratory, it is better to organize its delivery in the daytime, more convenient for the patient.

Since the patient is personally interested in the objective indicators of the analysis, he is recommended to follow all the presented algorithms in order to correctly pass a general urine test.

Preparation for the procedure:

• explain to the patient the purpose of the study;
• obtain his consent to the procedure;
• teach the patient the technique of collecting urine, give him a memo indicating the algorithm for performing the procedure;
• ask the patient to repeat the information received from you;
• give the patient, the night before (before the study), a clean, dry jar with a lid and a direction glued to it;
• Indicate in the direction: Full name. the patient; age; department and number of the ward in which he is located; material sent for research and research tasks; date and time of taking the material (hours); FULL NAME. medical worker sending the sample for testing.

Procedure technique:

• 1) in the morning the patient must perform a thorough hygienic toilet of the external genital organs;
• 2) after washing, the patient must unscrew the lid of the container;
• 3) then allocate the first portion of urine into the toilet, and, without interrupting urination, fill the container up to half the volume (150 - 200 ml) - the "average" portion of urine is collected for examination;
• 4) next, the patient completes urination into the toilet and tightly closes the lid of the container;
• 5) place the container in the sanitary room of the department on a table or in a container for transportation with the inscription "Laboratory studies";
• 6) after the completion of the procedure, the patient must inform the nurse about the completion of the appointment.

Completion of the urine sampling procedure using a modern kit with a disposable, vacuum system for collecting and transporting urine with a preservative on the example of collecting urine for a general analysis:

1) after completing the collection of urine, the nurse should take the container and insert the holder into it through the neck, if the urine is in the container for a long time, it is necessary to mix it with the holder;

• 2) then the nurse should insert the tube into the holder and press the tube so that the needle of the holder pierces the rubber stopper in the cap of the tube, after which the tube will begin to fill with urine;
• 3) when urine stops flowing into the tube, the nurse should remove the tube from the holder;

• 4) then it is necessary to turn the tube over several times for better mixing of urine with preservative;
• 5) the urine sample must be delivered to the laboratory within an hour after its collection;
• 6) the results of the study obtained from the laboratory must be glued into the medical record of the inpatient or outpatient.

Note: if a seriously ill patient is on bed rest, then the nurse is washing and collecting urine.

Algorithm for the preparation and collection of urine for research using the Nechiporenko method.

Equipment:

• A clean dry jar with a lid with a capacity of 150-200 ml;
• · direction;

Purpose of the study: quantitation content in the urine of leukocytes, erythrocytes and cylinders.

Preparation for the procedure:

• 6) indicate in the direction: full name. the patient; age; department and number of the ward in which he is located; material sent for research and research tasks; date and time of taking the material (hours); FULL NAME. health worker sending the sample for examination.

Procedure technique:

• 1) before collecting urine, the patient must perform a thorough hygienic toilet of the external genital organs;
• 2) after washing, allocate the first portion of urine into the toilet at the expense of 1, 2;
• 3) then collect the next portion of urine in the amount of 10 ml in a jar (for research using this method, 3-5 ml of urine is needed);
• 4) further complete urination into the toilet;
• 5) close the jar with a lid and put it in the sanitary room of the department on a table or in a container for transportation with the inscription "Laboratory studies", if the patient is on outpatient treatment and collects urine at home, the urine sample must be delivered directly to the laboratory;
• 6) after the completion of the procedure, the patient must inform the nurse about the completion of the appointment;
• 7) the urine sample must be delivered to the laboratory within an hour after its collection.

Completion of the procedure:

the results of the study obtained from the laboratory must be glued into the medical record of the inpatient or outpatient.

Note: urine for research using the Nechiporenko method can be collected not only in the morning, but at any time of the day. If a seriously ill patient is on bed rest, then the nurse is washing and collecting urine.

Algorithm for the preparation and collection of urine for research using the Addis-Kakovsky method.

Equipment:

• a clean dry jar with a lid with a capacity of 0.5 - 1.0 l;
• hygiene product (soap for washing);
• sanitary napkins (for washing);
• · direction.

The purpose of the study: quantitative determination of the content of leukocytes, erythrocytes and cylinders in the urine at night.

Preparation for the procedure:

• 1) explain to the patient the purpose of the study;
• 2) obtain his consent to the procedure;
• 3) teach the patient the technique of collecting urine, give him a memo indicating the algorithm for performing the procedure;
• 4) ask the patient to repeat the information received from you;
• 5) give the patient, the night before (before the study), a clean, dry jar with a lid and a direction pasted on it;
• 6) indicate in the direction: full name. the patient; age; department and number of the ward in which he is located; material sent for research and research tasks; date of taking the material; FULL NAME. health worker sending the sample for examination.

Procedure technique:

• 1) at 10 pm the patient must empty bladder into the toilet and then during the night try not to empty it;
• 2) at 8 o'clock in the morning, before collecting urine, the patient should perform a thorough hygienic toilet of the external genitalia;
• 3) then collect all the night urine in the provided jar;
• 4) close the jar with a lid and put it in the sanitary room of the compartment on a table or in a container for transportation with the inscription "Laboratory studies";
• 5) after the completion of the procedure, the patient must inform the nurse about the completion of the appointment;
• 6) the urine sample must be delivered to the laboratory within an hour after its collection.

Completion of the procedure:

the results of the study obtained from the laboratory must be glued into the medical record of an inpatient or outpatient.

Note: if the patient needs to empty the bladder at night, then urine is collected in a given jar, into which a preservative is added in advance (a few drops of formaldehyde or 2-3 thymol crystals for every 100 ml of urine) in order to avoid the breakdown of formed elements in long-term stored urine . If a seriously ill patient is on bed rest, then the nurse is washing and collecting urine.

A routine urinalysis provides valuable information not only about the functioning of the urinary tract, but also shows the work of many other vital organs. A prolonged state of deficiency or excess of certain elements leads to the formation of many metabolic disorders.

General analysis urine - readily available, simple and cheap. It can reveal a lot about health by studying over 100 different microorganisms and chemical substances, for example, crystals, salts, pH, protein glucose, ketones, bilirubin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and so on.

The interpretation of the results should be carried out by a doctor, because many factors affect the indicators, including age, gender, pregnancy, medications and other individual parameters.

In order to find outhow to collect a urinalysis, it is necessary to find out certain principles and algorithms. After all, the reliability of the results often depends on the correct collection of the sample.

Preparation for analysis

The day before urine collection, you should avoid heavy physical exertion, consume large amounts of protein, take a hot bath, avoid stressful situations, because these factors can cause proteinuria and elevated levels uric acid.

Similar effects are caused by fever or fever. It is not advisable to drink alcohol because it increases the concentration of urea.

Doctors do not recommend collecting urine for analysis during menstruation. The safe period is 3 days before and 3 days after the onset of menstruation - in this case, you can be sure that the sample will not contain menstrual blood. Sexual intercourse should also be avoided the day before collection to prevent semen from entering the sample.

Some medications sometimes affect the outcome of studies. For example,

• cannabinoids (increase the amount of urea and reduce the concentration of uric acid);
• anesthetics: lidocaine, barbiturates;
• analgesics: diclofenac;
• psychotropic substances: hydroxyzine;
• antibacterial: erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides;
• hormonal: progesterone, lutein;
• antihistamines: clemastine, diazolin;
• active biological supplements, vitamin C.

Collection algorithm in adults

1. Before urination.

Since urinalysis is a non-invasive method, it does not require special training. Nevertheless, it must be carried out, adhering to the basic principles.

• Genital hygiene.

Urinary fluid is best collected during the first morning urination after waking up. Before this, you need to thoroughly wash the genitals with soap and water, dry with a clean towel. Men must fully open foreskin and wash the glans penis with soap and water. Women need to wash the inner skin around the labia. Do not use disinfectants(hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, etc.) because they sometimes give biased results.

• Medium flow.

To correctly know how to collect a general urine test according to Nechiporenko, it is necessary to study the average flow method. The urine sample that is collected must be isolated from the midstream jet of urination.

To do this, the first portion of urine (10-15 ml) is released into the toilet. Then, without interrupting the flow, approximately 50-100 ml is collected in a container; the rest goes down the toilet again. This allows you to get a sample without various sediments, such as epithelium, the presence of which in minimal volumes is normal.

Urine must be collected in a special sterile plastic container, which can be easily purchased at any pharmacy. The container must be signed: indicate the full name, current date, time of collection and date of birth. Do not touch the inner edges of the container itself and the lid.

• The amount of urine.

It is necessary to deliver at least half of the container to the laboratory, but not less than 10 ml. In some clinical situations, such as oliguria and neonates, the analysis may be based on any number of excretions.

• Transportation to the laboratory.

What is urine? Urine is a human waste product that is continuously produced in the kidneys and moves through the ureters to the bladder. Then, as the bubble fills, through urethra fluid is expelled.

Why donate urine for analysis?

Normally, an adult produces about 1-1.8 liters of urine per day. It is a complex biological fluid, which, in addition to water, includes various organic and inorganic compounds (mineral salts, a small amount of amino acids, urea, various trace elements, inactivated hormones, enzymes, etc.).

Urine is the most appropriate biological material, which is used in the study of renal pathologies, prostate, organs of the urinary system, as well as diseases of other tissues and organs human body. That is why in laboratory diagnostics it is used as a marker providing important diagnostic information.

Analysis of urine as an indicator of overall clinical picture and deciphering the processes occurring in the body. In order for the doctor to get an idea of ​​what processes are taking place in the human body and to find out if they deviate from the norm, there are many methods for examining urine in laboratory practice. Based on the analysis of urine, a diagnosis is established, the severity of the patient's condition is assessed, the tactics of its management are adjusted, and drug and substitution therapy is prescribed.

Rules for collecting urine for analysis

All urine tests that are prescribed to patients are divided into two groups: planned and special, that is, those that are carried out only according to medical indications. In order for a urine test to adequately reflect the true picture of what is happening, and also to help identify possible problems with health, it must be properly assembled.

Immediately before passing a urine test, it is not recommended to take diuretic drugs and non-drugs, a large amount of liquid, products that can change the color of urine, as well as some drugs that affect qualitative composition investigated biological fluid.

1. As a rule, it is recommended to take urine collected immediately after a night's sleep, or a portion taken from thoroughly mixed daily urine, for a urinalysis.
2. In the absence of special recommendations, it should be collected in a container or a small clean and sterilized jar.
3. Before passing urine for analysis, a thorough toilet of the external genitalia should be carried out.
4. The first portion goes down the toilet, and then the remaining urine is collected in prepared dishes.
5. The sample must be delivered to the laboratory no later than 2 hours after the urine is collected.

Urine collected in the evening is not suitable for urinalysis, because over time bacteria begin to multiply in it, existing salts precipitate, and other processes occur that make the result of the analysis not informative.

Types of urine tests

General urine analysis

Clinical (general) urinalysis is a routine, most common type of biological fluid examination that does not require special training. This analysis provides for macroscopic and microscopic examination portions of morning urine. When analyzing urine, the laboratory assistant determines the amount, transparency, color, reaction and relative density, and also reveals the possible presence of protein and glucose.

If necessary, the presence of ketone bodies and other compounds is determined. Sediment microscopy includes the study and counting of elements of organic and inorganic origin (leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells, salts and cylinders).

Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko

Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko is a technique by which a hidden inflammatory process in the urinary system. It is based on the count of formed elements per unit volume of urine. This is a relatively simple and fairly informative urinalysis that does not require special training, which is used in the diagnosis of cystitis, pyelonephritis, hematuria and cylindruria.

For the study, an average portion of morning urine (50-100 ml) is taken.

Urinalysis according to Zemnitsky

Urinalysis according to Zemnitsky - this technique allows you to determine the excretory and concentration ability of the kidneys. To conduct a urine test, 8 portions of urine are required, which are collected during the day every 3 hours (the beginning of the collection is 6 a.m.). During the study, the laboratory assistant determines the amount and specific gravity of urine in each portion.

Normally, daily diuresis should be about 2 liters, and the nighttime volume should be lower than the daytime one. Reference indicator specific gravity urine is in the range of 1010-1025. Violations of volume and relative density indicators indicate the presence of such pathologies as renal failure, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, diabetes mellitus, and uric acid diathesis.

Urinalysis for glucose

Urinary glucose analysis - this study is carried out in a single or daily portion of urine. This is an accessible and informative technique used in the diagnosis of pathologies associated with impaired carbohydrate metabolism (in diseases of the adrenal glands, pancreas and thyroid gland, as well as at clinical signs diabetes mellitus and evaluation of the effectiveness of its treatment).

For analysis, an average portion of a single dose or 100 ml of daily urine is taken. One day before the start of the collection, food and physical exercise and alcohol consumption. Normally, there is no glucose in the urine.

Determination of total protein in urine

Definition total protein in urine. In laboratory diagnostics, this study is used to assess the functional state of the kidneys. Protein malabsorption occurring in the proximal tubules of the kidneys indicates the presence of acute and chronic infections, immune pathologies, intoxication with medicinal and toxic substances, systemic or renal diseases.

The analysis requires 100 ml of daily urine. Normally, there is no protein in the urine.

Determination of creatinine in urine (test P

Determination of creatinine in urine (Rehberg's test). Creatinine is a breakdown product of phosphocreatine. It is a source of energy for the work of the heart muscle and skeletal muscles. It is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules and is excreted in the urine from the body. With kidney damage, the level of creatinine in the urine decreases. This study prescribed for the diagnosis of cardiovascular pathologies, acute and chronic disorders in the kidneys, as well as for endocrine diseases.

To conduct a urine test, 100 ml of daily urine is taken. In parallel, on an empty stomach, blood is taken for creatinine. Normal performance fluctuate within 5.3-17.7 mmol / l.

Determination of uric acid

Determination of uric acid. Uric acid, synthesized in the form of sodium salts in the liver, is excreted along with urine, freeing the body from excess nitrogen compounds. In the event that there are functional failures in the functioning of the kidneys, the metabolism of uric acid is disrupted, and it begins to accumulate in the blood, crystallizing in the joint cavities, as well as other organs and tissues (gout).

This study is carried out to determine the cause of stone formation, the diagnosis of gout and Konovalov-Wilson's disease. For analysis, 100 ml of daily urine is taken. The norm is 1.48-4.43 mmol / day.

• Urea is the nitrogen-containing end product of protein metabolism. This compound is synthesized in the liver and excreted in the urine. With a high concentration of urea in the blood and a decrease in its indicators in the urine, there is a suspicion of the development kidney failure. The analysis requires 100 ml of daily urine. Reference indicators - 333.0-587.7 mmol / day.
• Alpha amylase is digestive enzyme produced by pancreatic and salivary glands. Diastasis, excreted from the body along with urine, is a marker of the condition pancreas. An increase in its concentration in the urine indicates elevated content in blood. This study is assigned to patients in the diagnosis acute pancreatitis and epidemic parotitis. The norm is 16-64 EU.

Urinalysis for hCG to determine pregnancy

Human chorionic gonadotropin begins to be secreted by the chorion (embryonic tissues) on the fourth day after fertilization. An increase in the concentration of hCG in the blood of a pregnant woman occurs on the 7-10th day from the moment of conception. It was then that he, unchanged, enters the urine, where he is detected using a qualitative analysis.

Morning urine is taken for research, since it contains the largest amount of the hormone chorionic gonadotropin.

Bacteriological culture of urine for flora and sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophages

When analyzing urine with the help of a study, the bacteria in the urine are identified, and their concentration is also determined. To do this, the biological fluid taken by the catheter is placed in a nutrient medium and the growth of microorganisms is observed. If this is absent, the result is considered negative, and if strains of the causative agent of a particular infection are detected, it is positive.

If an infectious agent is detected in the urine during analysis, bacteriological studies are carried out, and etiotropic therapy is prescribed based on the results of the sensitivity assessment to antibiotics and bacteriophages. This takes into account the reference values ​​for each type of microorganism.